------ by Joseph E. LeDoux




How our brains
become who we
are

--- Joseph E. LeDoux
 Home
 Description
 Advance praise
 Reviews
 New York Times
 
related article
 Bibliography
   

Abel, T., P. V. Nguyen, M. Barad, T. A. S. Deuel, E. R. Kandel and R. Bourtchouladze. 1997. Genetic demonstration of a role for PKA in the phase of LTP and in
hippocampus-based long-term memory. Cell 88:615-26.

Abi-Dargham, A., J. Rodenhiser, D. Printz, Y. Zea-Ponce, R. Gil, L. S. Kegeles, R. Weiss, T. B. Cooper, J. J. Mann, R. L. Van Heertum, J. M. Gorman and M. Laruelle.
2000. From the cover: increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:8104-9.

Abood, L. 1960. A chemical approach to the problem of mental disease. In The Etiology of Schizophrenia, edited by D. Jackson, 99-119. New York: Basic Books.

Ackerly, S. S. and A. L. Benton. 1947. Report of case of bilateral frontal lobe defect. Res Publ-Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 27:479-504.

Adler, A. 1931. What Life Should Mean to You. Boston: Little Brown.

Adolphs, R., D. Tranel, H. Damasio and A. R. Damasio. 1994. Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala.
Nature 372:669-72.

Adolphs, R., D. Tranel and A. R. Damasio. 1998. The human amygdala in social judgment. Nature 393:470-4.

Aggleton, J. 2000. The Amygdala: A Functional Analysis, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Akil, M. and D. A. Lewis. 1994. The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in the human entorhinal cortex. Neuroscience 60:857-74.

Albright, T. D., T. M. Jessell, E. R. Kandel and M. I. Posner. 2000. Neural science: A century of progress and the mysteries that remain. Neuron 25 Suppl:S1-55.

Alcock, J. 1998. Animal Behavior. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.

Alexander, G. E. 1995. Basal ganglia. In Handbook of Brain Theory, edited by M. Arbib. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Alheid, G. F. and L. Heimer. 1988. New perspectives in basal forebrain organization of special relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders: The striatopallidal, amygdaloid, and
corticopetal components of substantia innominata. Neuroscience 27:1-39.

Alheid, G. F. and L. Heimer. 1996. Theories of basal forebrain organization and the "emotional motor system." Prog Brain Res 107:461-84.

Alkon, D. L. 1989. Memory storage and neural systems. Sci Am 261:42-50.

Amaral, D. G., R. Insausti and W. M. Cowan. 1987. The entorhinal cortex of the monkey: I. Cytoarchitectonic organization. J Comp Neurol 264:326-55.

Amaral, D. G., J. L. Price, A. Pitkänen and S. T. Carmichael. 1992. Anatomical organization of the primate amygdaloid complex. In The Amygdala: Neurobiological
Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction, edited by J. P. Aggleton, 1-66. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Amorapanth, P., J. E. LeDoux and K. Nader. 2000. Different lateral amygdala outputs mediate reactions and actions elicited by a fear-arousing stimulus. Nat Neurosci
3:74-9.

Anagnostaras, S. G., S. Maren and M. S. Fanselow. 1999. Temporally graded retrograde amnesia of contextual fear after hippocampal damage in rats: Within-subjects
examination. J Neurosci 19:1106-14.

Anderson, A. K. and E. A. Phelps. 2001. Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature 411:305-9.

Anderson, S. W., A. Bechara, H. Damasio, D. Tranel and A. R. Damasio. 1999. Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal
cortex. Nat Neurosci 2:1032-7.

Andreasen, N. C., H. A. Nasrallah, V. Dunn, S. C. Olson, W. M. Grove, J. C. Ehrhardt, J. A. Coffman and J. H. Crossett. 1986. Structural abnormalities in the frontal
system in schizophrenia. A magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43:136-44.

Andreasen, N. C., J. Rice, J. Endicott, T. Reich and W. Coryell. 1986. The family history approach to diagnosis. How useful is it? Arch Gen Psychiatry 43:421-9.

Andreasen, N. C., M. Flaum, V. W. Swayze, 2nd, G. Tyrrell and S. Arndt. 1990. Positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. A critical reappraisal. Arch Gen
Psychiatry 47:615-21.

Andreasen, N. C., D. S. O'Leary, M. Flaum, P. Nopoulos, G. L. Watkins, L. L. Boles Ponto and R. D. Hichwa. 1997. Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: distributed
dysfunctional circuits in neuroleptic-naive patients. Lancet 349:1730-4.

Andrews, N., S. Hogg, L. E. Gonzalez and S. E. File. 1994. 5-HT1A receptors in the median raphe nucleus and dorsal hippocampus may mediate anxiolytic and anxiogenic
behaviours respectively. Eur J Pharmacol 264:259-64.

Annau, Z. and L. J. Kamin. 1961. The conditioned emotional response as a function of the intensity of the US. J Comp Physiol Psychol 54:428-32.

Antonini, A. and M. P. Stryker. 1993. Rapid remodeling of axonal arbors in the visual cortex. Science 260:1819-21.

Arbib, M. 1999. Towards a neuroscience of the person. In Neuroscience and the Person: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action, edited by R. J. Russell, N. Murphy, T.
C. Meyering and M. A. Arbib. Berkeley: Vatican Observatory Publications, Vatican City State, Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences.

Ariëns Kappers, C. U. 1909. The phlyogenesis of the plaeocortex and archicortex compared with the evolution of the visual neocortex. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 4:161-73.

Armony, J. L., G. J. Quirk and J. E. LeDoux. 1998. Differential effects of amygdala lesions on early and late plastic components of auditory cortex spiketrains during fear
conditioning. J Neurosci 18:2592-601.

Arnold, S. E., B. R. Franz, R. C. Gur, R. E. Gur, R. M. Shapiro, P. J. Moberg and J. Q. Trojanowski. 1995. Smaller neuron size in schizophrenia in hippocampal subfields
that mediate cortical-hippocampal interactions. Am J Psychiatry 152:738-48.

Arnold, S. J. 1980. The microevolution of feeding behavior. In Foraging Behavior, edited by A. Kamil and T. Sargent. New York: Garland STPM Press.

Arnsten, A. F., J. X. Cai, B. L. Murphy and P. S. Goldman-Rakic. 1994. Dopamine D1 receptor mechanisms in the cognitive performance of young adult and aged
monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 116:143-51.

Arnsten, A. F. 1998. Catecholamine modulation of prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Trends Cogn Sci 2:419-63.

Asaad, W. F., G. Rainer and E. K. Miller. 1998. Neural activity in the primate prefrontal cortex during associative learning. Neuron 21:1399-407.

Aston-Jones, G., J. Rajkowski and J. Cohen. 1999. Role of locus coeruleus in attention and behavioral flexibility. Biol Psychiatry 46:1309-20.

Averill, J. R. 1994. Aristotle meets the computer and becomes conflicted: a Review of Best Laid Schemes: The Psychology of Emotions by Keith Oatley. Cog Emo 8:73-92.

Baars, B. J. 1997. In the theatre of consciousness. J Consc Stud 4:292-309.

Babic, T. 1999. The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: A review of progress. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 67:558.

Baddeley, A. and G. J. Hitch. 1974. Working memory. In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, vol.8, edited by G. Bower. New York: Academic Press.

Baddeley, A. 1982. Your Memory: A User's Guide. New York: Macmillan Publishers, Inc.

Baddeley, A. 1992. Working memory. Science 255:556-9.

Badgaiyan, R. D. and M. I. Posner. 1998. Mapping the cingulate cortex in response selection and monitoring. Neuroimage 7:255-60.

Bailey, C. H., D. Bartsch and E. R. Kandel. 1996. Toward a molecular definition of long-term memory storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:13445-52.

Bailey, D. J., W. Sun, R. F. Thompson, J. J. Kim and F. J. Helmstetter. 1999. Acquisition of fear conditioning in rats requires the synthesis of mRNA in the amygdala.
Behav Neurosci 113:276-82.

Bannerman, D. M., M. A. Good, S. P. Butcher, M. Ramsay and R. G. M. Morris. 1995. Distinct components of spatial learning revealed by prior training and NMDA
receptor blockade. Nature 378:182-6.

Bao, J. X., E. R. Kandel and R. D. Hawkins. 1998. Involvement of presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms in a cellular analog of classical conditioning at Aplysia
sensory-motor neuron synapses in isolated cell culture. J Neurosci 18:458-66.

Barcelo, F., S. Suwazono and R. T. Knight. 2000. Prefrontal modulation of visual processing in humans. Nat Neurosci 3:399-403.

Bard, P. 1928. A diencephalic mechanism for the expression of rage with special reference to the sympathetic nervous system. Am J Physiol 84:490-515.

Bargh, J. 1992. Does subliminality matter to social psychology? Awareness of the stimulus versus awareness of its influence. In Perception Without Awareness: Cognitive,
Clinical, and Social Perspectives, edited by R. Bornstein and T. Pittman, 236-55. New York: The Guilford Press.

Bargh, J. A. 1990. Auto-Motives: Preconscious Determinants of Social Interaction. In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition, edited by T. Higgins and R. M. Sorrentino,
93-130. New York: The Guilford Press.

Bargh, J. A. and K. Barndollar. 1996. Automaticity in action: The unconscious as repository of chronic goals and motives. In The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition
and Motivation to Behavior, edited by P. M. Gollwitzer and J. A. Bargh. New York: The Guilford Press.

Bargh, J. A. and T. L. Chartrand. 1999. The unbearable automaticity of being. Am Psychol 54:462-79.

Barkow, J. H., L. Cosmides and J. Tooby, eds. 1992. The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.

Barlow, D. H., B. F. Chorpita and J. Turovsky. 1996. Fear, panic, anxiety, and disorders of emotion. Nebr Symp Motiv 43:251-328.

Barnes, C. A. 1995. Involvement of LTP in memory: Are we "searching under the streetlight?” Neuron 15:751-4.

Barondes, S. 1993. Molecules and Mental Illness. New York: Scientific American Library.

Bartels, A. and S. Zeki 2000. The neural basis of romantic love. Neuroreport 11: 3829-34.

Bartholomew, K. and D. Perlman. 1994. Attachment Processes in Adulthood. Advances in Personal Relationships. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Bartlett, F. C. 1932. Remembering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Barton, R. A. 1997. Neural constructivism: How many mammals make modules? Brain Behav Sci 20:556-7.

Batista, A. P. and R. A. Andersen. 2001. The Parietal Reach Region Codes the Next Planned Movement in a Sequential Reach Task. J Neurophysiol 85:539-44.

Beach, F. A. 1955. The descent of instinct. Psychol Rev 62:401-10.

Bear, M. F. and R. C. Malenka. 1994. Synaptic plasticity: LTP and LTD. Curr Opin Neurobiol 4:389-99.

Bechara, A., D. Tranel, H. Damasio, R. Adolphs, C. Rockland and A. R. Damasio. 1995. Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the
amygdala and hippocampus in humans. Science 269:1115-8.

Bechara, A., H. Damasio, D. Tranel and S. W. Anderson. 1998. Dissociation of working memory from decision making within the human prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci
18:428-37.

Bechara, A., H. Damasio, A. R. Damasio and G. P. Lee. 1999. Different contributions of the human amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision-making. J
Neurosci 19:5473-81.

Beggs, J. M., T. H. Brown, J. H. Byrne, T. Crow, J. E. LeDoux, K. LaBar and R. F. Thompson. 1999. Learning and memory: basic mechanisms. In Fundamental
Neuroscience, edited by M. Zigmond, San Diego: Academic Press.

Bekkers, J. M. and C. F. Stevens. 1990. Presynaptic mechanism for long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 346:724-9.

Bell, C. J., A. L. Malizia and D. J. Nutt. 1999. The neurobiology of social phobia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 249:S11-8.

Benes, F. M. 1999. Evidence for altered trisynaptic circuitry in schizophrenic hippocampus. Biol Psychiatry 46:589-99.

Bennett, E. L., M. C. Diamond, D. Krech and M. R. Rosenzweig. 1964. Chemical and Anatomical Plasticity of Brain. Science 146:610-9.

Bentham, J. 1779; reprint 1948. An Introduction to the Principle of Morals and Legislation. New York: Hafner Publishing Company.

Berger, A. and M. I. Posner. 2000. Pathologies of brain attentional networks. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24:3-5.

Berger, B., A. M. Thierry, J. P. Tassin and M. A. Moyne. 1976. Dopaminergic innervation of the rat prefrontal cortex: a fluorescence histochemical study. Brain Res
106:133-45.

Berman, D. E., S. Hazvi, K. Rosenblum, R. Seger and Y. Dudai. 1998. Specific and differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades by unfamiliar taste
in the insular cortex of the behaving rat. J Neurosci 18:10037-44.

Berman, D. E., S. Hazvi, V. Neduva and Y. Dudai. 2000. The role of identified neurotransmitter systems in the response of insular cortex to unfamiliar taste: activation of
ERK1-2 and formation of a memory trace. J Neurosci 20:7017-23.

Berman, K. F., B. P. Illowsky and D. R. Weinberger. 1988. Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. IV. Further evidence for regional
and behavioral specificity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:616-22.

Berman, K. F. and D. R. Weinberger. 1991. Functional localization in the brain in schizophrenia. In American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, edited by A. Tasman
and S. M. Goldfinger, 24-59. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Berman, R. M., J. H. Krystal and D. S. Charney. 1996. Mechanism of action of antidepressants: monoamine hypotheses and beyond. In Biology of Schizophrenia and
Affective Disease, edited by S. J. Watson, 295-368. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press.

Bermudez, J. 1996. The moral significance of birth. Ethics 106:378-403.

Bernard, L. L. 1924. Instinct: A Study in Social Psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Berntson, G. G., J. T. Cacioppo and K. S. Quigley. 1993. Cardiac psychophysiology and autonomic space in humans: Empirical perspectives and conceptual implications.
Psychol Bull 114:296-322.

Berridge, K. C. and T. E. Robinson. 1998. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Res Brain Res Rev
28:309-69.

Berridge, K. C. 1999. Pleasure, pain, desire, and dread: hidden core processes of emotion. In Well-Being, edited by D. Kahnemann, E. Diener and N. Schwarz. New York:
Russell Sage Foundation.

Bhatnagar, S. C., G. T. Mandybur, H. W. Buckingham and O. J. Andy. 2000. Language representation in the human brain: evidence from cortical mapping. Brain Lang
74:238-59.

Bickerton, D. 1980. The Roots of Language. Ann Harbor, MI: Karoma.

Bindra, D. 1969. The interrelated mechanisms of reinforcement and motivation, and the nature of their influence on response. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation,
edited by W. J. Arnold and D. Levine, 1-33. Lincoln: Lincoln University of Nebraska.

Birbaumer, N., W. Grodd, O. Diedrich, U. Klose, M. Erb, M. Lotze, F. Schneider, U. Weiss and H. Flor. 1998. fMRI reveals amygdala activation to human faces in social
phobics. Neuroreport 9:1223-6.

Blackburn, J. R., J. G. Pfaus and A. G. Phillips. 1992. Dopamine functions in appetitive and defensive behaviours. Prog Neurobiol 39:247-79.

Blair, H. T., G. E. Schafe, E. P. Bauer, S. M. Rodrigues and J. E. LeDoux. 2001. Synaptic plasticity in the lateral amygdala: a cellular hypothesis of fear conditioning. Learn
Mem 8:229-42.

Blanchard, D. C. and R. J. Blanchard. 1972. Innate and conditioned reactions to threat in rats with amygdaloid lesions. J Comp Physiol Psych 81:281-90.

Blanchard, R. J. and D. C. Blanchard. 1969. Crouching as an index of fear. J Comp Physiol Psych 67:370-5.

Bliss, T. V. and T. Lomo. 1973. Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path.
J Physiol (Lond) 232:331-56.

Bliss, T. V. and G. L. Collingridge. 1993. A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 361:31-9.

Block, N. 1995. On a confusion about a function of consciousness. Behav Brain Sci 18:227-87.

Bloom, F. E. and A. Lazerson. 1985. Brain, Mind and Behavior. New York: Freeman.

Bogerts, B., P. Falkai, M. Haupts, B. Greve, S. Ernst, U. Tapernon-Franz and U. Heinzmann. 1990. Post-mortem volume measurements of limbic system and basal ganglia
structures in chronic schizophrenics. Initial results from a new brain collection. Schizophr Res 3:295-301.

Bogerts, B. 1993. Recent advances in the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 19:431-45.

Bogerts, B., J. A. Lieberman, M. Ashtari, R. M. Bilder, G. Degreef, G. Lerner, C. Johns and S. Masiar. 1993. Hippocampus-amygdala volumes and psychopathology in
chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 33:236-46.

Bolles, R. C., L. W. Stokes and M. S. Younger. 1966. Does CS termination reinforce avoidance behavior? J Comp Physiol Psychol 62:201-7.

Bolles, R. C. 1967. Theory of Motivation. New York: Harper and Row.

Bolles, R. C. and M. S. Fanselow. 1980. A perceptual-defensive-recuperative model of fear and pain. Behav Brain Sci 3:291-323.

Bontempi, B., C. Laurent-Demir, C. Destrade and R. Jaffard. 1999. Time-dependent reorganization of brain circuitry underlying long-term memory storage. Nature
400:671-5.

Bordi, F. and J. LeDoux. 1992. Sensory tuning beyond the sensory system: An initial analysis of auditory properties of neurons in the lateral amygdaloid nucleus and
overlying areas of the striatum. J Neurosci 12:2493-503.

Boring, E. G. 1950. A History of Experimental Psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Bortolotto, Z. A., V. R. Clarke, C. M. Delany, M. C. Parry, I. Smolders, M. Vignes, K. H. Ho, P. Miu, B. T. Brinton, R. Fantaske, A. Ogden, M. Gates, P. L. Ornstein, D.
Lodge, D. Bleakman and G. L. Collingridge. 1999. Kainate receptors are involved in synaptic plasticity. Nature 402:297-301.

Bortolotto, Z. A., S. M. Fitzjohn and G. L. Collingridge. 1999. Roles of metabotropic glutamate receptors in LTP and LTD in the hippocampus. Curr Opin Neurobiol
9:299-304.

Bottjer, S. W. and F. Johnson. 1997. Circuits, hormones, and learning: vocal behavior in songbirds. J Neurobiol 33:602-18.

Botvinick, M., L. E. Nystrom, K. Fissell, C. S. Carter and J. D. Cohen. 1999. Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulate cortex. Nature
402:179-81.

Bourgeois, J. P., P. S. Goldman-Rakic and P. Rakic. 1994. Synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys. Cereb Cortex 4:78-96.

Bourtchouladze, R., T. Abel, N. Berman, R. Gordon, K. Lapidus and E. R. Kandel. 1998. Different training procedures recruit either one or two critical periods for
contextual memory consolidation, each of which requires protein synthesis and PKA. Learn Mem 5:365-74.

Bouton, M. E. and R. C. Bolles. 1980. Conditioned fear assessed by freezing and by the suppression of three different baselines. Animal Learn Behav 8:429-34.

Bouton, M. E. 2000. A learning theory perspective on lapse, relapse, and the maintenance of behavior change. Health Psychol 19:57-63.

Bouton, M. E., S. Mineka, and D. H. Barlow. 2001. A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder. Psychol Rev 108:4-32.

Bower, G. 1992. How might emotions affect learning? In Handbook of Emotion and Memory: Research and Theory, edited by S.-A. Christianson. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Bower, G. H. and P. R. Cohen. 1982. Emotional influences in memory and thinking: data and theory. In Affect and Cognition, edited by M. S. Clark and S. T. Fiske,
291-331. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Bowers, K. S. 1984. On being unconsciously influenced and informed. In The Unconscious Reconsidered, edited by K. S. Bowers and D. Meichenbaum, 227-72. New
York: John Wiley & Sons.

Bowers, K. S. and D. Meichenbaum, eds. 1984. The Unconscious Reconsidered. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Bowlby, J. 1969. Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1, Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

Brady, J. V. and H. F. Hunt. 1951. A further demonstration of the effects of electroconvulsive shock on a conditioned emotional response. J Comp Physiol Psych
44:204-9.

Brambilla, R., N. Gnesutta, L. Minichiello, G. White, A. J. Roylance, C. E. Herron, M. Ramsey, D. P. Wolfer, V. Cestari, C. Rossi-Arnaud, S. G. Grant, P. F. Chapman, H.
P. Lipp, E. Sturani and R. Klein. 1997. A role for the Ras signalling pathway in synaptic transmission and long-term memory. Nature 390:281-6.

Braver, T. S., D. M. Barch and J. D. Cohen. 1999. Cognition and control in schizophrenia: a computational model of dopamine and prefrontal function. Biol Psychiatry
46:312-28.

Breggin, P. 1995. Toxic Psychiatry. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Breggin, P. R. and G. R. Breggin. 1995. Talking Back to Prozac. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Breier, A., R. W. Buchanan, A. Elkashef, R. C. Munson, B. Kirkpatrick and F. Gellad. 1992. Brain morphology and schizophrenia. A magnetic resonance imaging study of
limbic, prefrontal cortex, and caudate structures. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:921-6.

Breiter, H. C., N. L. Etcoff, P. J. Whalen, W. A. Kennedy, S. L. Rauch, R. L. Buchner, M. M. Strauss, S. E. Hyman and B. R. Rosen. 1996. Response and habituation of
the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron 17:875-87.

Bremmer, J. N. 1993. The Early Greek Concept of the Soul. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Bremner, J. D., R. B. Innis, C. K. Ng, L. H. Staib, R. M. Salomon, R. A. Bronen, J. Duncan, S. M. Southwick, J. H. Krystal, D. Rich, G. Zubal, H. Dey, R. Soufer and D.
S. Charney. 1997. Positron emission tomography measurement of cerebral metabolic correlates of yohimbine administration in combat-related posttraumatic stress
disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:246-54.

Bremner, J. D., L. H. Staib, D. Kaloupek, S. M. Southwick, R. Soufer and D. S. Charney. 1999. Neural correlates of exposure to traumatic pictures and sound in Vietnam
combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: a positron emission tomography study. Biol Psychiatry 45:806-16.

Bremner, J. D., M. Narayan, E. R. Anderson, L. H. Staib, H. L. Miller and D. S. Charney. 2000. Hippocampal volume reduction in major depression. Am J Psychiatry
157:115-8.

Brocher, S., A. Artola and W. Singer. 1992. Agonists of cholinergic and noradrenergic receptors facilitate synergistically the induction of long-term potentiation in slices of
rat visual cortex. Brain Res 573:27-36.

Brock, L. G., J. S. Coombs and J. C. Eccles. 1952. The recording of potentials from motoneurones with an intracellular electrode. J Physiol (London) 117:431-60.

Brodal, A. 1982. Neurological Anatomy. New York: Oxford University Press.

Brodmann, K. 1909. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde. Munich: Barth.

Brothers, L. 1997. Friday's Footprint: How Society Shapes the Human Mind. New York: Oxford.

Brown, J. S., H. I. Kalish and I. E. Farber. 1951. Conditioned fear as revealed by magnitude of startle response to an auditory stimulus. J Exp Psychol 41:317-28.

Brown, J. S. 1961. The Motivation of Behavior. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.

Brown, R. and J. Kulik. 1977. Flashbulb memories. Cognition 5:73-99.

Brown, T. H., P. F. Chapman, E. W. Kairiss and C. L. Keenan. 1988. Long-term synaptic potentiation. Science 242:724-8.

Bruner, J., J. Goodnow and G. Austin. 1956. A Study of Thinking. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Bruer, J. 1999. In search of brain based education. Phi Delta Kappa (May 1999) 649-57.

Bruer, J. 1999. The Myth of the First Three Years. New York: Free Press.

Bruton, C. J., T. J. Crow, C. D. Frith, E. C. Johnstone, D. G. Owens and G. W. Roberts. 1990. Schizophrenia and the brain: a prospective clinico-neuropathological
study. Psychol Med 20:285-304.

Buchel, C., J. Morris, R. J. Dolan and K. J. Friston. 1998. Brain systems mediating aversive conditioning: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron 20:947-57.

Buchsbaum, M. S. 1990. The frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and temporal lobes as sites for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 16:379-89.

Buckner, R. L. and W. Koutstaal. 1998. Functional neuroimaging studies of encoding, priming, and explicit memory retrieval. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:891-8.

Bunney, W. 1977. The switch process in manic-depressive psychosis. Ann Intern Med 87:319-35.

Buñuel, L. 1983. My Last Sigh. New York: Knopf.

Burwell, R. D., M. P. Witter and D. G. Amaral. 1995. Perirhinal and postrhinal cortices of the rat: a review of the neuroanatomical literature and comparison with findings
from the monkey brain. Hippocampus 5:390-408.

Bush, G., P. Luu and M. I. Posner. 2000. Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 4:215-22.

Butcher, J. 2000. "Working draft" of human genome completed [news]. Lancet 356:47.

Butler, J. 1990. Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge.

Buzsaki, G. 1989. Two-stage model of memory trace formation:a role for "noisy" brain states. Neuroscience 31:551-70.

Buzsaki, G. and J. J. Chrobak. 1995. Temporal structure in spatially organized neuronal ensembles: a role for interneuronal networks. Curr Opin Neurobiol 5:504-10.

Buzsaki, G. 1998. Memory consolidation during sleep: a neurophysiological perspective. J Sleep Res 7:17-23.

Byrne, J. H., R. Zwartjes, R. Homayouni, S. D. Critz and A. Eskin. 1993. Roles of second messenger pathways in neuronal plasticity and in learning and memory. Insights
gained from Aplysia. Adv Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res 27:47-108.

Cabeza, R. and L. Nyberg. 2000. Neural bases of learning and memory: functional neuroimaging evidence. Curr Opin Neurol 13:415-21.

Cahill, L. and J. L. McGaugh. 1998. Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends Neurosci 21:294-9.

Cahill, L., N. M. Weinberger, B. Roozendaal and J. L. McGaugh. 1999. Is the amygdala a locus of “conditioned fear”? Some questions and caveats. Neuron 23:227-8.

Cahill, L., R. J. Haier, N. S. White, J. Fallon, L. Kilpatrick, C. Lawrence, S. G. Potkin and M. T. Alkire. 2001. Sex-related difference in amygdala activity during
emotionally influenced memory storage. Neurobiol Learn Mem 75: 1-9.

Cai, J. X. and A. F. Arnsten. 1997. Dose-dependent effects of the dopamine D1 receptor agonists A77636 or SKF81297 on spatial working memory in aged monkeys. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 283:183-9.

Cain, D. P., D. Saucier, J. Hall, E. L. Hargreaves and F. Boon. 1996. Detailed behavioral analysis of water maze acquisition under APV or CNQX: Contribution of
sensorimotor disturbances to drug-induced acquisition deficits. Behav Neurosci 110:86-102.

Calabresi, P., A. Pisani, N. B. Mercuri and G. Bernardi. 1992. Long term potentiation in the striatum is unmasked by removing the voltage dependent magnesium block of
NMDA receptor channels. Eur J Neurosci 4:929-35.

Calder, A. J., A. W. Young, D. Rowland, D. Perrett, J. R. Hodges and N. L. Etcoff. 1996. Facial emotion recognition after bilateral amygdala damage: differentially severe
impairment of fear. Cogn Neuropsychol 13:699-745.

Camhi, J. M. 1984. Neuroethology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.

Campbell, A. W. 1905. Histological Studies on the Localization of Cerebral Functions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Campeau, S. and M. Davis. 1990. Reversible neural inactivation by cooling in anesthetized and freely behaving rats. J Neurosci Methods 32:25-35.

Campeau, S. and M. Davis. 1995. Involvement of the central nucleus and basolateral complex of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle in
rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli. J Neurosci 15:2301-11.

Cannon, W. B. 1927. The James-Lange theory of emotions: a critical examination and an alternative theory. Am J Psychol 39:106-24.

Cannon, W. B. 1929. Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear, and Rage. New York: Appleton.

Canteras, N. S., R. B. Simerly and L. W. Swanson. 1995. Organization of projections from the medial nucleus of the amygdala: a PHAL study in the rat. J Comp Neurol
360:213-45.

Cantor, N., H. Markus, P. Niedenthal and P. Nurius. 1986. On motivation and the self concept. In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior,
edited by R. M. Sorrentino and E. T. Higgins. New York: Guilford.

Carey, S. and E. Spelke. 1994. Domain specific knowledge and conceptual change. In Mapping the Mind, edited by L. A. Hirschfield and S. A. Gelman. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.

Carlson, N. R. 1993. Psychology: The Science of Behavior. New York: Allyn & Bacon.

Carlson, N. R. 1994. Physiology and Behavior. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Carlsson, A., M. Lindqvist and T. Magnusson. 1957. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-Hydroxytryptophan as Reserpine Antagonists. Nature 180:1200.

Carlsson, A. 1983. Antipsychotic agents: Elucidation of their mode of action. In Discoveries in Pharmacology. Vol. 1 Psycho - and Neuro-Pharmacology, edited by M. J.
Parnham and J. Bruinvels. New York: Elsevier.

Carter, C. S. 1998. Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23:779-818.

Carter, C. S., W. Perlstein, R. Ganguli, J. Brar, M. Mintun and J. D. Cohen. 1998. Functional hypofrontality and working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am J
Psychiatry 155:1285-7.

Carter, C. S., A. M. Macdonald, M. Botvinick, L. L. Ross, V. A. Stenger, D. Noll and J. D. Cohen. 2000. Parsing executive processes: strategic vs. evaluative functions of
the anterior cingulate cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:1944-8.

Casanova, M. F., N. W. Carosella, J. M. Gold, J. E. Kleinman, D. R. Weinberger and R. E. Powers. 1993. A topographical study of senile plaques and neurofibrillary
tangles in the hippocampi of patients with Alzheimer's disease and cognitively impaired patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 49:41-62.

Castro-Alamancos, M. A., J. P. Donoghue and B. W. Connors. 1995. Different forms of synaptic plasticity in somatosensory and motor areas of the neocortex. J Neurosci
15:5324-33.

Cauller, L. J., B. Clancy and B. W. Connors. 1998. Backward cortical projections to primary somatosensory cortex in rats extend long horizontal axons in layer I. J Comp
Neurol 390:297-310.

Chalmers, D. 1996. The Conscious Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

Chambers, K. C. 1990. A neural model for conditioned taste aversions. Annu Rev Neurosci 13:373-85.

Chan, Y. M. and Y. N. Jan. 1999. Conservation of neurogenic genes and mechanisms. Curr Opin Neurobiol 9:582-8.

Chang, P. L., K. R. Isaacs and W. T. Greenough. 1991. Synapse formation occurs in association with the induction of long-term potentiation in two-year-old rat
hippocampus in vitro. Neurobiol Aging 12:517-22.

Changeux, J. P. and A. Danchin. 1976. Selective stabilisation of developing synapses as a mechanism for the specification of neuronal networks. Nature 264:705-12.

Changeux, J. P. and S. Dehaene. 1989. Neuronal models of cognitive functions. Cognition 33:63-109.

Chapman, P. F., E. W. Kairiss, C. L. Keenan and T. H. Brown. 1990. Long-term synaptic potentiation in the amygdala. Synapse 6:271-8.

Chapman, P. F. 2001. The diversity of synaptic plasticity. Nat Neurosci 4: 556-8.

Charney, D. S., A. Y. Deutch, S. M. Southwick and J. H. Krystal. 1995. Neural circuits and mechanisms of posttraumatic stress disorder. In Neurobiological and Clinical
Consequences of Stress: From Normal Adaption to PTSD, edited by M. J. Friedman, 271-87. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.

Charney, D. S., R. M. Berman and H. L. Miller. 1998. Treatment of Depression. In Textbook of Psychopharmacology, 2nd ed., edited by A. F. Schatzberg and C. B.
Nemeroff. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.

Charney, D., E. Nestler and B. Bunney. 1999. Neurobiology of Mental Illness. New York: Oxford University Press.

Chelazzi, L., E. K. Miller, J. Duncan and R. Desimone. 1993. A neural basis for visual search in inferior temporal cortex. Nature 363:345-7.

Chen, W. R., W. Xiong and G. M. Shepherd. 2000. Analysis of relations between NMDA receptors and GABA release at olfactory bulb reciprocal synapses. Neuron
25:625-33.

Chiaia, N. L., S. E. Fish, W. R. Bauer, C. A. Bennett-Clarke and R. W. Rhoades. 1992. Postnatal blockade of cortical activity by tetrodotoxin does not disrupt the
formation of vibrissa-related patterns in the rat's somatosensory cortex. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 66:244-50.

Chomsky, N. 1957. Syntactic Structures. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton.

Christian, J. L. 1977. Philosophy. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.

Christianson, S.-A. 1989. Flashbulb memories: Special, but not so special. Mem Cogn 17:435-43.

Chun, M. M. and E. A. Phelps. 1999. Memory deficits for implicit contextual information in amnesic subjects with hippocampal damage. Nat Neurosci 2:844-7.

Churchland, P. M. 1984. Matter and Consciousness. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Churchland, P. S. 1986. Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Churchland, P. S. and T. J. Sejnowski. 1992. The Computational Brain. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Clark, A. 1998. Being There. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Cleary, L. J., W. L. Lee and J. H. Byrne. 1998. Cellular correlates of long-term sensitization in Aplysia. J Neurosci 18:5988-98.

Clugnet, M. C. and J. E. LeDoux. 1990. Synaptic plasticity in fear conditioning circuits: induction of LTP in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala by stimulation of the medial
geniculate body. J Neurosci 10:2818-24.

Cofer, C. N. 1972. Motivation and Emotion. Glenview: Scott Foresman.

Cohen, D. H. 1974. The neural pathways and informational flow mediating a conditioned autonomic response. In Limbic and Autonomic Nervous System Research, edited
by L. V. Di Cara. New York: Plenum Press.

Cohen, D. H. 1980. The functional neuroanatomy of a conditioned response. In Neural Mechanisms of Goal-Directed Behavior and Learning, edited by R. F. Thompson, L.
H. Hicks and B. Shvyrkov, 283-302. New York: Academic Press.

Cohen, J. D. and D. Servan-Schreiber. 1992. Context, cortex, and dopamine: a connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. Psychol Rev 99:45-77.

Cohen, J. D., D. M. Barch, C. Carter and D. Servan-Schreiber. 1999. Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: converging evidence from three theoretically motivated
cognitive tasks. J Abnorm Psychol 108:120-33.

Cohen, N. J. 1980. Neuropsychological evidence for a distinction between procedural and declarative knowledge in human memory and amnesia. Unpublished Doctoral
Dissertation. University of California at San Diego.

Cohen, N. J. and L. Squire. 1980. Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of knowing how and knowing that. Science
210:207-9.

Cohen, N. J. and S. Corkin. 1981. The amnestic patient H.M.: Learning and retention of cognitive skills. Abstr Soc Neurosci 7:517-8.

Cohen, N. J. and H. Eichenbaum. 1993. Memory, Amnesia, and the Hippocampal System. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Colby, C. L. and M. E. Goldberg. 1999. Space and attention in parietal cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 22:319-49.

Collins, D. R. and D. Pare 1999. Spontaneous and evoked activity of intercalated amygdala neurons. Eur J Neurosci 11: 3441-8.

Collins, D. R. and D. Pare 1999. Reciprocal changes in the firing probability of lateral and central medial amygdala neurons. J Neurosci 19: 836-44.

Collins, D. R. and D. Pare 2000. Differential fear conditioning induces reciprocal changes in the sensory responses of lateral amygdala neurons to the CS(+) and CS(-).
Learn Mem 7: 97-103.

Conrad, C. D., J. E. LeDoux, A. M. Magarinos and B. S. McEwen. 1999. Repeated restraint stress facilitates fear conditioning independently of causing hippocampal CA3
dendritic atrophy. Behav Neurosci 113:902-13.

Conrad, C. D., S. J. Lupien and B. S. McEwen. 1999. Support for a bimodal role for type II adrenal steroid receptors in spatial memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 72:39-46.

Convit, A., M. J. de Leon, C. Tarshish, S. De Santi, A. Kluger, H. Rusinek and A. E. George. 1995. Hippocampal volume losses in minimally impaired elderly. Lancet
345:266.

Cooper, J. R., F. E. Bloom and R. H. Roth. 1978. The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Coplan, J. D., R. Goetz, D. F. Klein, L. A. Papp, A. J. Fyer, M. R. Liebowitz, S. O. Davies and J. M. Gorman. 1998. Plasma cortisol concentrations preceding
lactate-induced panic. Psychological, biochemical, and physiological correlates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:130-6.

Corkin, S. 1968. Acquisition of motor skill after bilateral medial temporal lobe excision. Neuropsychologia 6:255-65.

Corodimas, K. P., J. E. LeDoux, P. W. Gold and J. Schulkin. 1994. Corticosterone potentiation of conditioned fear in rats. Ann NY Acad Sci 746:392-3.

Cortes, R., B. Gueye, A. Pazos, A. Probst and J. M. Palacios. 1989. Dopamine receptors in human brain: autoradiographic distribution of D1 sites. Neuroscience
28:263-73.

Cosmides, L. and J. Tooby. 1999. Evolutionary psychology. In Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, 295-7. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Cotzias, G. C., M. H. Van Woert and L. M. Schiffer. 1967. Aromatic amino acids and modification of parkinsonism. N Engl J Med 276:374-9.

Cowan, W. M. 1998. The emergence of modern neuroanatomy and developmental neurobiology. Neuron 20:413-26.

Crair, M. C., D. C. Gillespie and M. P. Stryker. 1998. The role of visual experience in the development of columns in cat visual cortex. Science 279:566-70.

Crair, M. C. 1999. Neuronal activity during development: permissive or instructive? Curr Opin Neurobiol 9:88-93.

Creese, I., D. R. Burt and S. H. Snyder. 1976. Dopamine receptor binding predicts clinical and pharmacological potencies of antischizophrenic drugs. Science 192:481-3.

Crespi, L. P. 1942. Quantitative variation of incentive and performance in the white rat. Am J Psychol 55:467-517.

Crichton, M. 1972. The Terminal Man. New York: Knopf.

Crick, F. and C. Koch. 1990. Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Semin Neurosci 2:263-75.

Crick, F. 1995. The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Touchstone Books.

Crick, F. and C. Koch. 1995. Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex? Nature 375:121-3.

Crow, T. 1988. Cellular and molecular analysis of associative learning and memory in Hermissenda. Trends Neurosci 11:136-47.

Crow, T. J. 1980. Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process? Br Med J 280:66-8.

Damasio, A. R. 1989. The brain binds entities and events by multiregional activation from convergence zones. Neural Comput 1:123-32.

Damasio, A. R. 1990. Synchronous activation in multiple cortical regions: a mechanism for recall. Semin Neurosci 2:287-96.

Damasio, A. R. 1994. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Gosset/Putnam.

Damasio, A. R. 1995. Consciousness. Knowing how, knowing where. Nature 375:106-7.

Damasio, A. R. 1999. The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. New York: Harcourt-Brace.

Dao-Castellana, M. H., M. L. Paillere-Martinot, P. Hantraye, D. Attar-Levy, P. Remy, C. Crouzel, E. Artiges, A. Feline, A. Syrota and J. L. Martinot. 1997. Presynaptic
dopaminergic function in the striatum of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 23:167-74.

Darwin, C. 1872; reprint 1965. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Davidson, R. J. 1992. Emotion and affective style: hemispheric substrates. Psychol Rev 3:39-43.

Davidson, R. J. and H. A. Slagter. 2000. Probing emotion in the developing brain: functional neuroimaging in the assessment of the neural substrates of emotion in normal
and disordered children and adolescents. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 6:166-70.

Davis, H. P. and L. R. Squire. 1984. Protein synthesis and memory. A review. Psychol Bull 96:518-59.

Davis, K. L., R. S. Kahn, G. Ko and M. Davidson. 1991. Dopamine in schizophrenia: a review and reconceptualization. Am J Psychiatry 148:1474-86.

Davis, M., J. M. Hitchcock and J. B. Rosen. 1987. Anxiety and the amygdala: pharmacological and anatomical analysis of the fear-potentiated startle paradigm. In The
Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol 21, edited by G. H. Bower, 263-305. San Diego: Academic Press.

Davis, M. 1992. The Role of the Amygdala in Fear-Potentiated Startle: Implications for Animal Models of Anxiety. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:35-41.

Davis, M., D. L. Walker and Y. Lee. 1997. Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: differential roles in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 352:1675-87.

Davis, M. and Y. Lee. 1998. Fear and anxiety: possible roles of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Cogn Emot 12:277-305.

Davis, R. L. 1996. Physiology and biochemistry of Drosophila learning mutants. Physiol Rev 76:299-317.

Dawkins, R. 1996. The Blind Watchmaker. New York: Norton.

Deadwyler, S. A. and R. E. Hampson. 1995. Ensemble activity and behavior: what's the code? Science 270:1316-8.

Debner, J. A. and L. L. Jacoby. 1994. Unconscious perception: attention, awareness, and control. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 20:304-17.

de Gelder, B., J. Vroomen, G. Pourtois and L. Weiskrantz. 1999. Non-conscious recognition of affect in the absence of striate cortex. Neuroreport 10:3759-63.

Delay, J., P. Deniker and J. M. Harl. 1952. Utilization en therapeutique psychiatric d'une phenothiazine d'action centrale elective (4560 R.P.). Ann Med Psychol (Paris)
110:112-7.

de Leon, M. J., A. Convit, S. DeSanti, J. Golomb, C. Tarshish, H. Rusinek, M. Bobinski, C. Ince, D. C. Miller, H. M. Wisniewski and et al. 1995. The hippocampus in
aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 5: 1-17.

de Leon, M. J., T. McRae, J. R. Tsai, A. E. George, D. L. Marcus, M. Freedman, A. P. Wolf and B. McEwen. 1988. Abnormal cortisol response in Alzheimer's disease
linked to hippocampal atrophy. Lancet 2:391-2.

Delfour, F. and K. Marten. 2001. Mirror image processing in three marine mammal species: killer whales (Orcinus orca), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) and
California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Behav Processes 53:181-90.

Dell, D. L. and D. E. Stewart. 2000. Menopause and mood. Is depression linked with hormone changes? Postgrad Med 108:34-6, 9-43.

Denenberg, V. H. 1999. A Critique of Mody, Studdert-Kennedy, and Bray's "Speech Preception Deficits in Poor Readers: Auditory Processing or Phonological Coding?" J
Learn Disabil 32:379-83.

Deniker, P. 1983. Discovery of the clinical use or neuroleptics. In Discoveries in Pharmacology, Vol. 1: Psycho- and Neuro-Pharmacology, edited by M. J. Parnham and J.
Bruinvels, 163-80. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Dennett, D. C. 1976. On the Conditions of Personhood. In The Identities of Persons, edited by A. O. Rorty. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Dennett, D. C. 1988. Why everyone is a novelist. Times Literary Supplement; September 16-22; 1016, 28-29.

Dennett, D. C. 1991. Consciousness Explained. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

Dennett, D. C. 1996. Darwin's Dangerous Idea. New York: Touchstone.

de Olmos, J. S. and L. Heimer. 1999. The concepts of the ventral striatopallidal system and extended amygdala. Ann NY Acad Sci 877:1-32.

DePaulo, J. R. 2000. Why depression still mystifies us. Cerebrum 2:43-70.

Desimone, R. and J. Duncan. 1995. Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annu Rev Neurosci 18:193-222.

Desmond, J. E. and J. W. Moore. 1982. A brain stem region essential for the classically conditioned but not unconditioned nictitating membrane response. Physiol Behav
28:1029-33.

Desmond, N. L. and W. B. Levy. 1986. Changes in the postsynaptic density with long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus. J Comp Neurol 253:476-82.

D'Esposito, M., J. Detre, D. Alsop, R. Shin, S. Atlas and M. Grossman. 1995. The neural basis of the central executive sytem of working memory. Nature 378:279-81.

Deutsch, J. A. and D. Deutsch. 1966. Physiological Psychology. Homewood, Il: Dorsey Press.

Diamond, D. M. and G. Rose. 1994. Stress impairs LTP and hippocampal-dependent memory. Ann NY Acad Sci 746:411-4.

Dickinson, A. 1980. Contemporary Animal Learning Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dickinson, A. and B. W. Balleine. 1994. Motivational control of goal-directed action. Animal Learn Behav 22:1-18.

Dillard, A. 1974. Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. New York: Harper's Magazine Press.

Diorio, D., V. Viau and M. J. Meaney. 1993. The role of the medial prefrontal cortex (cingulate gyrus) in the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to
stress. J Neurosci 13:3839-47.

Dollard, J. C. and N. E. Miller. 1950. Personality and Psychotherapy. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Doron, N. N. and J. E. Ledoux. 2000. Cells in the posterior thalamus project to both amygdala and temporal cortex: a quantitative retrograde double-labeling study in the
rat. J Comp Neurol 425:257-74.

Douglas, R. and K. Martin. 1998. Neocortex. In The Synaptic Organization of the Brain, edited by G. Shepherd. New York: Oxford University Press.

Doupe, A. J. and P. K. Kuhl. 1999. Birdsong and human speech: common themes and mechanisms. Annu Rev Neurosci 22:567-631.

Drevets, W. C., J. L. Price, J. R. Simpson, Jr., R. D. Todd, T. Reich, M. Vannier and M. E. Raichle. 1997. Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders.
Nature 386:824-7.

Drevets, W. C. 1998. Functional neuroimaging studies of depression: the anatomy of melancholia. Annu Rev Med 49:341-61.

Drevets, W. C. 1999. Prefrontal cortical-amygdalar metabolism in major depression. Ann NY Acad Sci 877:614-37.

Dubnau, J. and T. Tully. 2001. Functional anatomy: From molecule to memory. Curr Biol 11:R240-3.

Dudai, Y. 1989. Neurobiology of Memory. New York: Oxford University Press.

Dudai, Y. 1996. Consolidation: fragility on the road to the engram. Neuron 17:367-70.

Dudai, Y. 1997. Time to remember. Neuron 18:179-82.

Duman, R. S., G. R. Heninger and E. J. Nestler. 1997. A molecular and cellular theory of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:597-606.

Duman, R. S., J. Malberg and J. Thome. 1999. Neural plasticity to stress and antidepressant treatment. Biol Psychiatry 46:1181-91.

Dunkin, J. J., A. F. Leuchter, I. A. Cook, J. E. Kasl-Godley, M. Abrams and S. Rosenberg-Thompson. 2000. Executive dysfunction predicts nonresponse to fluoxetine in
major depression. J Affect Disord 60:13-23.

Dunn, L. T. and B. J. Everitt. 1988. Double dissociations of the effects of amygdala and insular cortex lesions on conditioned taste aversion, passive avoidance, and
neophobia in the rat using the excitotoxin ibotenic acid. Behav Neurosci 102:3-23.

Durstewitz, D., M. Kelc and O. Gunturkun. 1999. A neurocomputational theory of the dopaminergic modulation of working memory functions. J Neurosci 19:2807-22.

Eastwood, S. L., P. W. Burnet and P. J. Harrison. 1995. Altered synaptophysin expression as a marker of synaptic pathology in schizophrenia. Neuroscience 66:309-19.

Eccles, J. C. 1953. The Neurophysiological Basis of Mind. Claredon: Oxford.

Eccles, J. C. 1977. An instruction-selection theory of learning in the cerebellar cortex. Brain Res 127:327-52.

Economo, C. v. and G. N. Koskinas. 1925. Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwaschsenen Menschen. Berlin: Julius Springer.

Edelman, G. 1987. Neural Darwinism. New York: Basic Books.

Edelman, G. 1993. Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of Mind. New York: Basic Books.

Edelman, G. and G. Tononi. 2000. A Universe of Consciousness. How Matter Becomes Imagination. New York: Basic Books.

Edwards, P. and A. Pap. 1959. A Modern Introduction to Philosophy. Glencoe, Il: The Free Press.

Eichenbaum, H., T. Otto and N. J. Cohen. 1994. Two functional components of the hippocampal memory system. Behav Brain Sci 17:449-518.

Eichenbaum, H. 1995. The LTP-Memory connection. Nature 378:131-2.

Eichenbaum, H. 1996. Learning from LTP: a comment on recent attempts to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms of memory. Learn Mem 3:61-73.

Eichenbaum, H. 2000. A cortical-hippocampal system for declarative memory. Nat Rev Neurosci 1:41-50.

Ekman, P. 1980. Biological and cultural contributions to body and facial movement in the expression of emotions. In Explaining Emotions, edited by A. O. Rorty. Berkeley:
University of California Press.

Ekman, P. 1992. An argument for basic emotions. Cogn Emot 6:169-200.

Ekman, P. and R. J. Davidson. 1994. The Nature of Emotion. New York: Oxford University Press.

Ekman, P. 1999. Annotated Update of Charles Darwin's "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals." New York: Harpercollins.

Elgersma, Y. and A. J. Silva. 1999. Molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and memory. Curr Opin Neurobiol 9:209-13.

Ellswoth, P. 1991. Some implications of cognitive appraisal theories of emotion. In International Review of Studies on Emotion, edited by K. T. Strongman, 143-61.
Chichester and New York: Wiley.

Elman, J., E. Bates, M. Johnson, A. Karmiloff-Smith, D. Parisi and K. Plunkett. 1997. Rethinking Innateness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Elster, J. 1985. The Multiple Self. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Engel, A. K., P. Konig, A. K. Kreiter, T. B. Schillen and W. Singer. 1992. Temporal coding in the visual cortex: new vistas on integration in the nervous system. Trends
Neurosci 15:218-26.

Engel, A. K. and W. Singer. 2001. Temporal binding and the neural correlates of sensory awareness. Trends Cogn Sci 5:16-25.

Engert, F. and T. Bonhoeffer. 1999. Dendritic spine changes associated with hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity. Nature 399:66-70.

Epstein, J., E. Stern and D. Silbersweig. 1999. Mesolimbic activity associated with psychosis in schizophrenia. Symptom- specific PET studies. Ann NY Acad Sci
877:562-74.

Epstein, M. 1995. Thoughts Without a Thinker: Psychotherapy from a Buddhist Perspective. New York: Basic Books.

Erdelyi, M. H. 1985. Psychoanalysis: Freud's Cognitive Psychology. New York: Freeman.

Estes, W. K. and B. F. Skinner. 1941. Some quantitative properties of anxiety. J Exp Psychol 29:390-400.

Everitt, B. J. and T. W. Robbins. 1992. Amygdala-ventral striatal interactions and reward-related processes. In The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion,
Memory, and Mental Dysfunction, edited by J. P. Aggleton, 401-29. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Everitt, B. J., J. A. Parkinson, M. C. Olmstead, M. Arroyo, P. Robledo and T. W. Robbins. 1999. Associative processes in addiction and reward. The role of amygdala-
ventral striatal subsystems. In Advancing from the Ventral Striatum to the Extended Amygdala, edited by J. McGintry, 412-38. New York: New York Academy of
Sciences.

Everitt, B. J. and T. Robbins. 1999. Motivation and reward. In Fundamental Neuroscience, edited by M. J. Zigmond, F. E. Bloom, S. C. Landis, J. L. Roberts and L. R.
Squire. San Diego: Academic Press.

Eysenck, H. J. and M. W. Eysenck. 1985. Personality and Individual Differences. New York: Plenum.

Fanselow, M. S. 1994. Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear. Psychon Bull Rev 1:429-38.

Fanselow, M. S. and J. J. Kim. 1994. Acquisition of contextual Pavlovian fear conditioning is blocked by application of an NMDA receptor antagonist
D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid to the basolateral amygdala. Behav Neurosci 108:210-2.

Fanselow, M. S., J. J. Kim, J. Yipp and B. De Oca. 1994. Differential effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate on acquisition of
fear of auditory and contextual cues. Behav Neurosci 108:235-40.

Fanselow, M. S. and J. E. LeDoux. 1999. Why we think plasticity underlying Pavlovian fear conditioning occurs in the basolateral amygdala. Neuron 23:229-32.

Farkas, T., A. P. Wolf, J. Jaeger, J. D. Brodie, D. R. Christman and J. S. Fowler. 1984. Regional brain glucose metabolism in chronic schizophrenia. A positron emission
transaxial tomographic study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:293-300.

Feighner, J. P. and K. Overo. 1999. Multicenter, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study of citalopram in moderate-to-severe depression. J Clin Psychiatry 60:824-30.

Feinberg, I. 1982. Schizophrenia: caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence? J Psychiatr Res 17:319-34.

Feinberg, T. 2000. Altered Egos: How the Brain Creates the Self. New York: Oxford University Press.

Feinberg, T. E. and M. J. Farah. 1998. Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychology. New York: McGraw Hill.

Feistel, H. 1993. Assessment of cerebral benzodiazepine receptor distribution in anxiety disorders: a study with I-123-iomazenil. J Nucl Med 34:47.

Fendt, M. and M. S. Fanselow. 1999. The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23:743-60.

File, S. E. 2000. The Amygdala: Anxiety and the Benzodiazepines. In The Amygdala, edited by J. Aggleton. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

File, S. E., P. J. Kenny and S. Cheeta. 2000. The role of the dorsal hippocampal serotonergic and cholinergic systems in the modulation of anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem
Behav 66:65-72.

Finlay, B. L. and R. B. Darlington. 1995. Linked regularities in the development and evolution of mammalian brains. Science 268:1578-84.

Fischer, H., G. Wik and M. Fredrikson. 1996. Functional neuroanatomy of robbery re-experience: affective memories studied with PET. Neuroreport 7:2081-6.

Flanagan, O. 1994. Consciousness Reconsidered. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press.

Flaum, M., V. W. Swayze, 2nd, D. S. O'Leary, W. T. Yuh, J. C. Ehrhardt, S. V. Arndt and N. C. Andreasen. 1995. Effects of diagnosis, laterality, and gender on brain
morphology in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 152:704-14.

Flew, A. 1964. Body, Mind and Death. New York: Macmillan.

Flew, A. 1972. Immortality. In The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by P. Edwards, 139-50. New York: Macmillan.

Flynn, J. P. 1967. The neural basis of aggression in cats. In Biology and Behavior: Neurophysiology and Emotion, edited by D. G. Glass, 40-60. New York: Rockefeller
University Press and Russell Sage Foundation.

Foa, E. G. 1999. The expert consensus guideline series. Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Expert Consensus Panels for PTSD. J Clin Psychiatry 60:69-76.

Fodor, J. 1983. Modularity of Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Foucault, M. 1978. The History of Sexuality. New York: Random House.

Frankland, P. W., V. Cestari, R. K. Filipkowski, R. J. McDonald and A. J. Silva 1998. The dorsal hippocampus is essential for context discrimination but not for contextual
conditioning. Behav Neurosci 112: 863-74.

Franzen, G. and D. H. Ingvar. 1975. Abnormal distribution of cerebral activity in chronic schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 12:199-214.

Fredrikson, M., G. Wik, P. Annas, K. Ericson and S. Stone-Elander. 1995. Functional neuroanatomy of visually elicited simple phobic fear: additional data and theoretical
analysis. Psychophysiology 32:43-8.

Freud, S. 1887-1902. Project for a Scientific Psychology. In The Origins of Psychoanalysis, Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, Drafts and Notes: 1887-1902, edited by M.
Bonaparte, A. Freud and E. Kris. New York: Basic Books.

Freud, S. 1915. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth.

Freud, S. 1938. The Interpretation of Dreams. In The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud, edited by A. A. Brill. New York: Modern Library.

Frey, U. and R. G. Morris. 1997. Synaptic tagging and long-term potentiation. Nature 385:533-6.

Friedman, J. I., H. Temporini and K. L. Davis. 1999. Pharmacologic strategies for augmenting cognitive performance in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 45:1-16.

Frijda, N. 1986. The Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Frijda, N. H. 1993. The place of appraisal in emotion. Cogn Emot 7:357-87.

Friston, K. J. and C. D. Frith. 1995. Schizophrenia: a disconnection syndrome? Clin Neurosci 3:89-97.

Fuchs, E. and E. Gould. 2000. Mini-review: In vivo neurogenesis in the adult brain: regulation and functional implications. Eur J Neurosci 12:2211-4.

Fukuda, T. and T. Kosaka. 2000. Gap junctions linking the dendritic network of GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus. J Neurosci 20:1519-28.

Fukuzako, H., T. Fukuzako, T. Hashiguchi, Y. Hokazono, K. Takeuchi, K. Hirakawa, K. Ueyama, M. Takigawa, Y. Kajiya, M. Nakajo and T. Fujimoto. 1996. Reduction in
hippocampal formation volume is caused mainly by its shortening in chronic schizophrenia: assessment by MRI. Biol Psychiatry 39:938-45.

Funahashi, S., C. J. Bruce and P. S. Goldman-Rakic. 1989. Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 61:331-49.

Fuster, J. 1997. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.

Fuster, J. 2000. The Module: Crisis of a Paradigm. Neuron 26:51-3.

Fuster, J. M. 1973. Unit activity in prefrontal cortex during delayed-response performance: neuronal correlates of transient memory. J Neurophysiol 36:61-78.

Fuster, J. M., R. H. Bauer and J. P. Jervey. 1982. Cellular discharge in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the monkey in cognitive tasks. Exp Neurol 77:679-94.

Fuster, J. M. 1989. The Prefrontal Cortex. New York: Raven.

Fuster, J. M. 1993. Frontal lobes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 3:160-5.

Fuster, J. M. 2000. Prefrontal neurons in networks of executive memory. Brain Res Bull 52:331-6.

Gaffan, D. 1992. Amygdala and the Memory of Reward. In The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction, edited by J. P.
Aggleton, 471-83. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Gaffan, D., E. A. Murray and M. Fabre-Thorpe. 1993. Interaction of the amygdala with the frontal lobe in reward memory. Eur J Neurosci 5:968-75.

Gallager, D. W. 1978. Benzodiazepines: potentiation of a GABA inhibitory response in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Eur J Pharmacol 49:133-43.

Gallagher, I. 2000. Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science. Trends Cogn Sci 4:14-21.

Gallagher, M. and G. Schoenbaum 1999. Functions of the amygdala and related forebrain areas in attention and cognition. Ann N Y Acad Sci 877: 397-411.

Gallagher, S. 1996. The moral significance of primitive self-consciousness. Ethics 107:129-40.

Galli, L. and L. Maffei. 1988. Spontaneous impulse activity of rat retinal ganglion cells in prenatal life. Science 242:90-1.

Gallistel, C. R. 1966. Motivating effects in self-stimulation. J Comp Physiol Psychol 62:95-101.

Gallistel, C. R. 1980. The Organization of Action: A New Synthesis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Gallistel, C. R. 1995. Is long-term potentiation a plausible basis for memory? In Brain and Memory, edited by J. L. McGaugh, N. M. Weinberger and G. Lynch, 328-37.
New York: Oxford University Press.

Gallup, G. 1991. Toward a comparative psychology of self-awareness: Species limitations and cognitive consequences. In The Self: Interdisciplinary Approaches, edited by
J. Strauss and G. R. Goethals. New York: Springer.

Garcia, J. 1990. Learning without memory. J Cogn Neurosci 2:287-305.

Garcia, J. and R. A. Koelling. 1966. Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychon Sci 4:123-4.

Garcia, R., R. M. Vouimba, M. Baudry and R. F. Thompson. 1999. The amygdala modulates prefrontal cortex activity relative to conditioned fear. Nature 402:294-6.

Gardner, H. 1987. The Mind's New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution. New York: Basic Books, Inc.

Gardner, H. 1998. Do parents count? In New York Review of Books, November 5, 1998.

Gazzaniga, M. S. 1970. The Bisected Brain. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Gazzaniga, M. S. and J. E. LeDoux. 1978. The Integrated Mind. New York: Plenum.

Gazzaniga, M. S. 1985. The Social Brain. New York: Basic Books.

Gazzaniga, M. S. 1988. Brain modularity: Towards a philosophy of conscious experience. In Consciousness in Contemporary Science, edited by A. Marcel and E. Bisiach.
Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Gazzaniga, M. S. 1992. Nature's Mind. New York: Basic Books.

Gazzaniga, M. S. 1995. The Cognitive Neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Gazzaniga, M. S., R. B. Ivry and G. R. Mangun. 1996. Cognitive Neuroscience. New York: Norton.

Gazzaniga, M. S. 1998. The Mind's Past. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Gergen, K. J. 1990. Social understanding and the inscription of self. In Cultural Psychology, edited by J. W. Stigler, R. A. Shweder and G. Herdt. New York: Cambridge
University Press.

Gergen, K. J. 1997. The place of the psyche in a constructed world. Theory Psychol 7:723-46.

Gerlai, R. 2000. Targeting genes and proteins in the analysis of learning and memory: caveats and future directions. Rev Neurosci 11:15-26.

Geschwind, N. 1965. Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. I. Brain 88:237-94.

Gewirtz, J. C. and M. Davis. 1997. Second-order fear conditioning prevented by blocking NMDA receptors in amygdala. Nature 388:471-4.

Gewirtz, J. C., W. A. Falls and M. Davis. 1997. Normal conditioned inhibition and extinction of freezing and fear potentiated startle following electrolytic lesions of medial
prefrontal cortex in rats. Behavioral Neurosci 111:1-15.

Gibbs, R. B. 2000. Oestrogen and the cholinergic hypothesis: implications for oestrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Novartis Found Symp
230:94-107.

Gilbert, C. D. 1998. Adult cortical dynamics. Physiol Rev 78: 467-85.

Glanzman, D. L., E. R. Kandel and S. Schacher. 1990. Target-dependent structural changes accompanying long-term synaptic facilitation in Aplysia neurons. Science
249:799-802.

Glanzman, D. L. 1995. The cellular basis of classical conditioning in Aplysia californica--it's less simple than you think. Trends Neurosci 18:30-6.

Glenmullen, J. 2000. Prozac Backlash. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Glickman, S. E. and B. B. Schiff. 1967. A biological theory of reinforcement. Psychol Rev 74:81-109.

Gluck, M. A. and C. E. Myers. 1993. Hippocampal mediation of stimulus representation: a computational theory. Hippocampus 3:491-516.

Gnadt, J. W. and R. A. Andersen. 1988. Memory related motor planning activity in posterior parietal cortex of macaque. Exp Brain Res 70:216-20.

Gochin, P. M., M. Colombo, G. A. Dorfman, G. L. Gerstein and C. G. Gross. 1994. Neural ensemble coding in inferior temporal cortex. J Neurophysiol 71:2325-37.

Goddard, G. 1964. Functions of the amygdala. Psychol Rev 62:89-109.

Goff, D. C., G. Tsai, D. S. Manoach and J. T. Coyle. 1995. Dose-finding trial of D-cycloserine added to neuroleptics for negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J
Psychiatry 152:1213-5.

Gold, P. E. 1995. Modulation of Emotional and Nonemotional Memories: Same Pharmacological Systems, Different Neuroanatomical Systems. In Brain and Memory,
edited by J. L. McGaugh, N. M. Weinberger and G. Lynch, 41-74. New York: Oxford University Press.

Gold, P. E. and S. F. Zornetzer. 1983. The Mnemon and its juices: Neuromodulation of memory processes. Behav Neural Biol 38:151-89.

Goldman-Rakic, P. S. 1987. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory. In Handbook of Physiology. Section 1: The
Nervous System. Vol. V, Higher Functions of the Brain, edited by F. Plum, 373-418. Bethesda: American Physiological Society.

Goldman-Rakic, P. S., M. S. Lidow, J. F. Smiley and M. S. Williams. 1992. The anatomy of dopamine in monkey and human prefrontal cortex. J Neural Transm Suppl
36:163-77.

Goldman-Rakic, P. S. 1994. Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 6:348-57.

Goldman-Rakic, P. S. 1999. The physiological approach: functional architecture of working memory and disordered cognition in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 46:650-61.

Goldman-Rakic, P. S. 1999. Working memory, neural basis. In MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences, edited by R. A. Wilson and F. C. Keil. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.

Gonzalez, L. E., N. Andrews and S. E. File. 1996. 5-HT1A and benzodiazepine receptors in the basolateral amygdala modulate anxiety in the social interaction test, but not
in the elevated plus-maze. Brain Res 732:145-53.

Gonzalez, L. E., A. M. Ouagazzal and S. E. File. 1998. Stimulation of benzodiazepine receptors in the dorsal hippocampus and median raphe reveals differential GABAergic
control in two animal tests of anxiety. Eur J Neurosci 10:3673-80.

Goodale, M. A. 1998. Visuomotor control: where does vision end and action begin? Curr Biol 8:R489-91.

Goodman, C. S. and C. J. Shatz. 1993. Developmental mechanisms that generate precise patterns of neuronal connectivity. Cell 72 Suppl:77-98.

Gopnik, A., A. N. Meltzoff and P. K. Kuhl. 1999. The Scientist in the Crib: Minds, Brains, and How Children Learn. New York: Morrow.

Gopnik, M. 1997. The Inheritance and Innateness of Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Gorman, J. 1996. The New Psychiatry. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Gormezano, I. 1972. Investigations of defense and reward conditioning in the rabbit. In Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory, edited by A. H. Black and
W. F. Prokasy, 151-81. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Gottesman, I. I. 1991. Schizophrenia Genesis: The Origins of Madness. New York: WH Freeman.

Gould, E., B. S. McEwen, P. Tanapat, L. A. M. Galea and E. Fuchs. 1997. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult tree shrew is regulated by psychosocial stress
and NMDA receptor activation. J Neurosci 17:2492-8.

Gould, E., P. Tanapat, B. S. McEwen, G. Flugge and E. Fuchs. 1998. Proliferation of granule cell precursors in the dentate gyrus of adult monkeys is diminished by stress.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3168-71.

Gould, E., A. Beylin, P. Tanapat, A. Reeves and T. J. Shors. 1999. Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation. Nat Neurosci 2:260-5.

Gould, E., A. J. Reeves, M. S. A. Graziano and C. G. Gross. 1999. Neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult primates. Science 286:548-52.

Gould, J. L. 1982. Ethology: The Mechanisms and Evolution of Behavior. New York: Norton.

Gould, J. L. and P. Marler. 1984. Ethology and the natural history of learning. In The Biology of Learning, edited by P. Marler and H. S. Terrace, 47-74. Berlin:
Springer-Verlag.

Gould, S. J. 1991. Exaptation: A crucial tool for evolutionary psychology. J Soc Issues 47:43-65.

Gould, S. J. 1997. Evolution: the pleasures of pluralism. New York Review of Books 44:47-52.

Grace, A. A. 1993. Cortical regulation of subcortical dopamine systems and its possible relevance to schizophrenia. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 91:111-34.

Grace, A. A., B. S. Bunney, H. Moore and C. L. Todd. 1997. Dopamine-cell depolarization block as a model for the therapeutic actions of antipsychotic drugs. Trends
Neurosci 20:31-7.

Grace, A. A., H. Moore and P. O'Donnell. 1998. The modulation of corticoaccumbens transmission by limbic afferents and dopamine: a model for the pathophysiology of
schizophrenia. Adv Pharmacol 42:721-4.

Graeff, F. G. and R. I. Schoenfeld. 1970. Tryptaminergic mechanisms in punished and nonpunished behavior. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 173:277-83.

Graeff, F. G., M. C. Silveira, R. L. Nogueira, E. A. Audi and R. M. Oliveira. 1993. Role of the amygdala and periaqueductal gray in anxiety and panic. Behav Brain Res
58:123-31.

Graf, P., L. R. Squire and G. Mandler 1984. The information that amnesic patients do not forget. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 10: 164-78.

Gray, C. M., P. Konig, A. K. Engel and W. Singer. 1989. Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus
properties. Nature 338:334-7.

Gray, C. M. 1999. The temporal correlation hypothesis of visual feature integration: still alive and well. Neuron 24:31-47, 111-25.

Gray, J. A. 1982. The Neuropsychology of Anxiety. New York: Oxford University Press.

Gray, J. A. 1987. The Psychology of Fear and Stress. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Gray, J. A. 1991. The neuropsychology of temperament. In Explorations in Temperament, edited by J. Strelau and A. P. Angleitner. New York: Plenum.

Gray, J. A. and N. McNaughton. 2000. The Neuropsychology of Anxiety, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Graybiel, A. 1976. Input-output anatomy of the basal ganglia. In Toronto, Lecture at the Society for Neuroscience.

Greenough, W. T., H. M. Hwang and C. Gorman. 1985. Evidence for active synapse formation or altered postsynaptic metabolism in visual cortex of rats reared in
complex environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:4549-52.

Greenwald, A. G. 1992. New look 3. Unconscious cognition reclaimed. Am Psychol 47:766-79.

Greenwald, A. G. and M. R. Banaji. 1995. Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychol Rev 102:4-27.

Gregory, R. 1981. Mind in Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Grill, H. J. and R. Norgren. 1978. Chronically decerebrate rats demonstrate satiation but not bait shyness. Science 201:267-9.

Groenewegen, H. J., H. W. Berendse, J. G. Wolters and A. H. M. Lohman. 1990. The anatomical relationship of the prefrontal cortex with the striatopallidal system, the
thalamus and the amygdala: evidence for a parallel organization. In Progress in Brain Research, edited by H. B. M. Uylings, C. G. Van Eden, J. P. C. DeBruin, M. A.
Corner and M. G. P. Feenstra, 95-118. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (Biomedical Division): Amsterdam.

Groenewegen, H. J., C. I. Wright and H. B. Uylings. 1997. The anatomical relationships of the prefrontal cortex with limbic structures and the basal ganglia. J
Psychopharmacol 11:99-106.

Gross, P. R., N. Levitt and M. W. Lewis. 1996. The Flight from Science and Reason. Proceedings of a conference, New York, New York, USA, May 31-June 2, 1995.
New York: New York Academy of Science.

Grossberg, S. 1999. The link between brain learning, attention, and consciousness. Conscious Cogn 8:1-44.

Grossberg, S. 2000. The complementary brain: unifying brain dynamics and modularity. Trends Cogn Sci 4:233-46.

Grossman, S. P. 1960. Eating and drinking elicited by direct adrenergic or cholinergic stimulation of hypothalamus. Science 132:301-2.

Grossman, S. P. 1967. A Textbook of Physiological Psychology. New York: Wiley.

Grover, L. M. and T. J. Tyler. 1990. Two components of long-term potentiation induced by different patterns of afferent activation. Nature 347:477-9.

Gurvits, T. V., M. E. Shenton, H. Hokama, H. Ohta, N. B. Lasko, M. W. Gilbertson, S. P. Orr, R. Kikinis, F. A. Jolesz, R. W. McCarley and R. K. Pitman. 1996. Magnetic
resonance imaging study of hippocampal volume in chronic, combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 40:1091-9.

Guyton, A. C. 1972. Structure and Function of the Nervous System. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Hall, C. S., G. Lindzey and J. B. Campbell. 1998. Theories of Personality. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Hamann, S. B., L. Stefanacci, L. Squire, R. Adolphs, D. Tranel, H. Damasio and A. Damasio. 1996. Recognizing facial emotion. Nature 379:497.

Happel, S. 2000. The soul and neuroscience: possibilities for divine action. In Neuroscience and the Person, edited by R. J. Russell, N. Murphy, T. C. Meyering and M. A.
Arbib. Vatican Observatory (Vatican City) and Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences (Berkely, CA).

Harley, C. 1991. Noradrenergic and locus coeruleus modulation of the perforant path- evoked potential in rat dentate gyrus supports a role for the locus coeruleus in
attentional and memorial processes. Prog Brain Res 88:307-21.

Harlow, J. M. 1868. Recovery from the passage of an iron bar through the head. Bull Mass Med Soc 2:3-20.

Harre, R. 1986. The Social Construction of Emotions. New York: Blackwell.

Harris, J. 1998. The Nurture Assumption. New York: The Free Press.

Harris, J. A. and R. F. Westbrook. 1995. Effects of benzodiazepine microinjection into the amygdala or periaqueductal gray on the expression of conditioned fear and
hypoalgesia in rats. Behav Neurosci 109:295-304.

Hart, A. J., P. J. Whalen, L. M. Shin, S. C. McInerney, H. Fischer and S. L. Rauch. 2000. Differential response in the human amygdala to racial outgroup vs ingroup face
stimuli. Neuroreport 11:2351-5.

Hartley, D. 1749. Observations on Man: His Frame, His Duty, and His Expectations. London: Leake and Frederick.

Harvey, J. A., L. E. Jacobsen and H. F. Hunt. 1965. Effect of lesions in the septal area on conditioned fear and discriminated instrumental punishment in the albino rat. J
Comp Physiol Psych 59:37-48.

Hauser, M. D., J. Kralik, C. Botto-Mahan, M. Garrett and J. Oser. 1995. Self-recognition in primates: phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features. Proc Natl
Acad Sci USA 92:10811-14.

Hawkins, R. D. and E. R. Kandel. 1984. Is there a cell-biological alphabet for simple forms of learning? Psychol Rev 91:375-91.

Hawkins, R. D., G. A. Clark and E. R. Kandel. 1987. Cell biological studies of learning in simple vertebrate and invertebrate systems. In Handbook of Physiology, Section
1: The Nervous System. Vol. V. Higher Functions of the Brain, edited by F. Plum, 25-83. Bethesda: American Physiological Society.

Hawkins, R. D., M. Zhuo and O. Arancio. 1994. Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide as possible retrograde messengers in hippocampal long-term potentiation. J Neurobiol
25:652-65.

Hawkins, R. D., W. Greene and E. R. Kandel. 1998. Classical conditioning, differential conditioning, and second-order conditioning of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex in
a simplified mantle organ preparation. Behav Neurosci 112:636-45.

Haxby, J. V., L. Petit, L. G. Ungerleider and S. M. Courtney. 2000. Distinguishing the functional roles of multiple regions in distributed neural systems for visual working
memory. Neuroimage 11:145-56.

He, S., P. Cavanagh and J. Intriligator. 1996. Attentional resolution and the locus of visual awareness. Nature 383:334-7.

Heath, R. G. 1964. Pleasure response of human subjects to direct stimulation of the brain: physiologic and psychodynamic considerations. In The Role of Pleasure in
Behavior, edited by R. G. Heath. New York: Harper and Row.

Hebb, D. O. 1946. Emotion in man and animal: An analysis of the intuitive processes of recognition. Psychol Rev 53:88-106.

Hebb, D. O. 1949. The Organization of Behavior. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Helmstetter, F. J. and P. S. Bellgowan. 1994. Effects of muscimol applied to the basolateral amygdala on acquisition and expression of contextual fear conditioning in rats.
Behav Neurosci 108:1005-9.

Heninger, G. R., P. L. Delgado and D. S. Charney. 1996. The revised monoamine theory of depression: a modulatory role for monoamines, based on new findings from
monoamine depletion experiments in humans. Pharmacopsychiatry 29:2-11.

Heraclitus. c.540-c.480 B.C. From: Lives of Eminent Philosophers, by Diogenes Laertius, bk. 9, sec. 8, and Plato, Cratylus, 402A. London: G. P. Putman, 1925.

Herrick, C. J. 1933. The functions of the olfactory parts of the cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 19:7-14.

Herzog, A. G. and G. W. Van Hoesen. 1976. Temporal neocortical afferent connections to the amygdala in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res 115:57-69.

Hess, W. R. and M. Brugger. 1943. Das subkortikale Zentrum der affektiven Abwehrreaktion. Helv Physiol Pharmacol Acta 1:35-52.

Hess, W. R. 1954. Functional Organization of the Diencephalon. New York: Grune and Stratton.

Hess, W. R. and K. Akert. 1955. Experimental data on role of the hypothalamusin mechanisms of emotional behavior. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 73:127-9.

Hesslow, G. and C. Yeo. 1998. Cerebellum and learning: a complex problem. Science 280:1817-9.

Hietala, J., E. Syvalahti, K. Vuorio, V. Rakkolainen, J. Bergman, M. Haaparanta, O. Solin, M. Kuoppamaki, O. Kirvela, U. Ruotsalainen and et al. 1995. Presynaptic
dopamine function in striatum of neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. Lancet 346:1130-1.

Hietala, J., E. Syvalahti, H. Vilkman, K. Vuorio, V. Rakkolainen, J. Bergman, M. Haaparanta, O. Solin, M. Kuoppamaki, E. Eronen, U. Ruotsalainen and R. K. Salokangas.
1999. Depressive symptoms and presynaptic dopamine function in neuroleptic- naive schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 35:41-50.

Higgins, E. T., R. Klein and T. Strauman. 1985. Self concept discrepancy theory: A psychological model for distinguishing among different aspects of depression and
anxiety. Soc Cogn 3:51-76.

Hilgard, E. R. 1980. The Trilogy of Mind: Cognition, Affection, and Conation. J Hist Behav Sci 16:107-17.

Hill, W. F. 1977. Learning. New York: Crowell/Harper and Row.

Hilton, S. M. and A. W. Zbrozyna. 1963. Amygdaloid region for defense reactions and its efferent pathway to the brainstem. J Physiol 165:160-73.

Hinde, R. A. 1966. Animal Behaviour. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Hirst, W., E. S. Spelke, C. C. Reaves, G. Charack and U. Neisser. 1980. Dividing attention without alternation or automaticity. J Exp Psychol 109:98-117.

Hitchcock, J. and M. Davis. 1986. Lesions of the amygdala but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle
paradigm. Behav Neurosci 100:11-22.

Hobbes, T. 1651. Leviathan. London, printed for Andrew Crooke at The Green Dragon in St. Paul’s Church yard.

Hodges, H., S. Green and B. Glenn. 1987. Evidence that the amygdala is involved in benzodiazepine and serotonergic effects on punished responding but not on
discrimination. Psychopharmacology 92:491-504.

Holden, C. 1980. Identical twins reared apart. Science 207:1323-5, 7-8.

Holland, P. C. 1993. Cognitive aspects of classical conditioning. Curr Opin Neurobiol 3:230-6.

Horgan, J. 1996. The End of Science. New York: Broadway Books.

Horton, J. C. and D. R. Hocking. 1996. An adult-like pattern of ocular dominance columns in striate cortex of newborn monkeys prior to visual experience. J Neurosci
16:1791-807.

Howard, R., J. Mellers, R. Petty, D. Bonner, R. Menon, O. Almeida, M. Graves, C. Renshaw and R. Levy. 1995. Magnetic resonance imaging volumetric measurements of
the superior temporal gyrus, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, frontal and temporal lobes in late paraphrenia. Psychol Med 25:495-503.

Hrobjartsson, A. and P. C. Gotzsche. 2001. Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. N Engl J Med 344:1594-602.

Huang, Y. Y., P. V. Nguyen, T. Abel and E. R. Kandel. 1996. Long-lasting forms of synaptic potentiation in the mammalian hippocampus. Learn Mem 3:74-85.

Huang, Y. Y. and E. R. Kandel. 1998. Postsynaptic induction and PKA-dependent expression of LTP in the lateral amygdala. Neuron 21:169-78.

Huang, Y. Y., K. C. Martin and E. R. Kandel 2000. Both protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase are required in the amygdala for the macromolecular
synthesis-dependent late phase of long-term potentiation. J Neurosci 20: 6317-25.

Hubel, D. and T. Wiesel. 1962. Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. J Physiol 160:106-54.

Hubel, D. and T. Wiesel. 1963. Receptive fields of cells in striate cortex of very young, visually inexperienced kittens. J Neurophysiol 26:994-1002.

Hubel, D. and T. Wiesel. 1965. Binocular interactions in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint. J Neurophysiol 28:1041-59.

Hubel, D. H. and T. N. Wiesel. 1972. Laminar and columnar distribution of geniculo-cortical fibers in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 146:421-50.

Huerta, P. T., L. D. Sun, M. A. Wilson and S. Tonegawa. 2000. Formation of temporal memory requires NMDA receptors within CA1 pyramidal neurons. Neuron
25:473-80.

Hull, C. 1943. Principles of Behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Hull, C. L. 1954. A Behavior System. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Humphrey, N. 1992. A History of the Mind. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Humphrey, N. 2000. How to Solve the Mind Body Problem. Thorverton, UK: Imprint Academic.

Husi, H. and S. G. Grant. 2001. Proteomics of the nervous system. Trends Neurosci 24:259-66.

Huttenlocher, P. R. 1979. Synaptic density in human frontal cortex -- developmental changes and effects of aging. Brain Res 163:195-205.

Hyman, S. E. and E. J. Nestler. 1996. Initiation and adaptation: a paradigm for understanding psychotropic drug action. Am J Psychiatry 153:151-62.

Hyman, S. E. 2000. The millennium of mind, brain, and behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:88-9.

Ikemoto, S. and J. Panksepp. 1999. The role of nucleus accumbens dopamine in motivated behavior: a unifying interpretation with special reference to reward-seeking.
Brain Res Brain Res Rev 31:6-41.

Ingvar, D. H. and G. Franzen. 1974. Abnormalities of cerebral blood flow distribution in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 50:425-62.

Innocenti, G. M. 1991. The development of projections from cerebral cortex. Prog Sens Physiol 12

Insel, T. R. 1997. A neurobiological basis of social attachment. Am J Psychiatry 154:726-35.

Iriki, A., C. Pavlides, A. Keller and A. Hiroshi. 1987. Long-Term Potentiation in the Motor Cortex. Science 245:1385-7.

Isaacson, R. L. 1982. The Limbic System. New York: Plenum Press.

Isenberg, N., D. Silbersweig, A. Engelien, S. Emmerich, K. Malavade, B. Beattie, A. C. Leon and E. Stern. 1999. Linguistic threat activates the human amygdala. Proc Natl
Acad Sci USA 96:10456-9.

Ito, M. 1984. The Cerebellum and Neural Control. New York: Raven.

Ito, M. 1989. Long-term depression. Annu Rev Neurosci 12:85-102.

Ito, M. 1996. Cerebellar long-term depression. Trends Neurosci 19:11-2.

Iwata, J., J. E. LeDoux, M. P. Meeley, S. Arneric and D. J. Reis. 1986. Intrinsic neurons in the amygdaloid field projected to by the medial geniculate body mediate
emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli. Brain Res 383:195-214.

Izard, C. E. 1971. The Face of Emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Izard, C. E. 1977. Human Emotions. New York: Plenum.

Izard, C. E. 1992. Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion-cognition relations. Psychol Rev 99:561-5.

Izumi, Y. and C. F. Zorumski. 1999. Norepinephrine promotes long-term potentiation in the adult rat hippocampus in vitro. Synapse 31:196-202.

Jacobs, W. J. and L. Nadel. 1985. Stress-induced recovery of fears and phobias. Psychol Rev 92:512-31.

Jacobsen, C. F. 1935. Functions of frontal association areas in primates. Arch Neurol Psychiat 33:558-69.

Jacobsen, C. F. and H. W. Nissen. 1937. Studies of cerebral function in primates:IV. The effects of frontal lobe lesions on the delayed alternation habit in monkeys. J
Comp Physiol Psychol 23:101-12.

Jacobson, M. 1993. Foundations of Neuroscience. New York: Plenum.

Jacoby, L. L. and V. Woloshyn. 1989. Becoming famous without being recognized: Unconscious influences of memory produced by dividing attention. J Exp Psychol Gen
118:115-25.

Jacoby, L. and J. Toth. 1992. Lectures for a layperson: Methods for revealing unconscious processes. In Perception Without Awareness: Cognitive, Clinical, and Social
Perspectives, edited by R. Bornstein and T. Pittman, 81-120. New York: The Guilford Press.

Jakob, H. and H. Beckmann. 1994. Circumscribed malformation and nerve cell alterations in the entorhinal cortex of schizophrenics. Pathogenetic and clinical aspects. J
Neural Transm Gen Sect 98:83-106.

James, W. 1884. What is an emotion? Mind 9:188-205.

James, W. 1890. Principles of Psychology. New York: Holt.

Jamison, K. R. 1997. An Unquiet Mind. New York: Random House.

Jarvis, E. D., C. Scharff, M. R. Grossman, J. A. Ramos and F. Nottebohm. 1998. For whom the bird sings: context-dependent gene expression. Neuron 21:775-88.

Javanmard, M., J. Shlik, S. H. Kennedy, F. J. Vaccarino, S. Houle and J. Bradwejn. 1999. Neuroanatomic correlates of CCK-4-induced panic attacks in healthy humans: a
comparison of two time points. Biol Psychiatry 45:872-82.

Jerison, H. 1973. Evolution of Brain and Intelligence. New York: Academic Press.

Jerne, N. 1967. Antibodies and Learning: Selection versus Instruction. In The Neurosciences: A Study Program, edited by F. O. Schmitt. New York: Rockefeller University
Press.

Jessell, T. M. and J. R. Sanes. 2000. Development. The decade of the developing brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol 10:599-611.

Jiang, Y., J. V. Haxby, A. Martin, L. G. Ungerleider and R. Parasuraman. 2000. Complementary neural mechanisms for tracking items in human working memory. Science
287:643-6.

Jing, J. and R. Gillette. 1995. Neuronal elements that mediate escape swimming and suppress feeding behavior in the predatory sea slug Pleurobranchaea. J Neurophysiol
74:1900-10.

Johnson, J. 1998. Chapter 21, Neurotrophic Factors. In Fundamental Neuroscience, edited by M. Zigmond. San Diego: Academic Press.

Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1988. The Computer and the Mind: An introduction to Cognitive Science. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1993. A computational analysis of consciousness. In Consciousness in Contemporary Science, edited by A. J. Marcel and E. Bisiach, 357-68.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Johnston, D., D. A. Hoffman, C. M. Colbert and J. C. Magee. 1999. Regulation of back-propagating action potentials in hippocampal neurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol
9:288-92.

Jones, E. 1961. The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. New York: Basic Books.

Jones, E. G. and T. P. S. Powell. 1970. An anatomical study of converging sensory pathways within the cerebral cortex of the monkey. Brain 93:793-820.

Jones, E. G. 1984. Laminar distribution of cortical efferent cells. In Cerebral Cortex, edited by A. Peters and E. G. Jones. New York: Plenum.

Josselyn, S. A., C. Shi, W. A. Carlezon, Jr., R. L. Neve, E. J. Nestler and M. Davis. 2001. Long-term memory is facilitated by cAMP response element-binding protein
overexpression in the amygdala. J Neurosci 21:2404-12.

Joyce, J. N. and J. H. Meador-Woodruff. 1997. Linking the family of D2 receptors to neuronal circuits in human brain: insights into schizophrenia.
Neuropsychopharmacology 16:375-84.

Kaada, B. R. 1960. Cingulate, posterior orbital, anterior insular and temporal pole cortex. In Handbook of Physiology: Neurophysiology II, edited by J. Field, H. J. Magoun
and V. E. Hall, 1345-72. Washington, D.C.: American Physiological Society.

Kagan, J. 1992. Behavior, biology, and the meanings of temperamental constructs. Pediatrics 90:510-3.

Kagan, J. 1994. Galen's Prophecy: Temperament in Human Nature. New York: Basic Books.

Kagan, J. 1998. Biology and the child. In Handbook of Child Psychology, edited by N. Eisenberg, 177-236. New York: Wiley.

Kagan, J. 1999. The role of parents in children's psychological development. Pediatrics 104:164-7.

Kahneman, D. 1999. Objective Happiness. In Well Being, edited by D. Kahneman, E. Diener and N. Schwarz. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Kalivas, P. W. and M. Nakamura. 1999. Neural systems for behavioral activation and reward. Curr Opin Neurobiol 9:223-7.

Kamin, C. J., C. J. Brimer and A. H. Black. 1963. Conditioned suppression as a monitor of fear of the CS in the course of avoidance training. J Comp Physiol Psychol
56:497-501.

Kandel, E. R. and W. A. Spencer. 1968. Cellular neurophysiological approaches in the study of learning. Physiol Rev 48:65-134.

Kandel, E. R. 1976. Cellular Basis of Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Neurobiology. San Fransisco: W.H. Freeman and Company.

Kandel, E. R. 1989. Genes, nerve cells, and the remembrance of things past. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1:103-25.

Kandel, E. R. 1997. Genes, synapses, and long-term memory. J Cell Physiol 173:124-5.

Kandel, E. R. 1998. A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 155:457-69.

Kandel, E. R. 1999. Biology and the future of psychoanalysis: a new intellectual framework for psychiatry revisited. Am J Psychiatry 156:505-24.

Kandel, E. R. and C. Pittenger. 1999. The past, the future and the biology of memory storage. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 354:2027-52.

Kandel, E. R., J. H. Schwartz and T. M. Jessell. 2000. Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. New York: Mc-Graw Hill.

Kapp, B. S., R. C. Frysinger, M. Gallagher and J. Haselton. 1979. Amygdala central nucleus lesions: effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit. Physiol Behav
23:1109-17.

Kapp, B. S., J. P. Pascoe and M. A. Bixler. 1984. The amygdala: a neuroanatomical systems approach to its contributions to aversive conditioning. In Neuropsychology of
Memory, edited by N. Buttlers and L. R. Squire, 473-88. New York: Guilford.

Kapp, B. S., P. J. Whalen, W. F. Supple and J. P. Pascoe. 1992. Amygdaloid contributions to conditioned arousal and sensory information processing. In The Amygdala:
Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction, edited by J. P. Aggleton, 229-54. New York: Wiley-Liss.

Karten, H. J. and T. Shimizu. 1991. The origins of neocortex: connections and lamination as distinct events in evolution. J Cogn Neurosci 1:291-301.

Kastner, S., P. De Weerd, R. Desimone and L. G. Ungerleider. 1998. Mechanisms of directed attention in the human extrastriate cortex as revealed by functional MRI.
Science 282:108-11.

Kastner, S., M. A. Pinsk, P. De Weerd, R. Desimone and L. G. Ungerleider. 1999. Increased activity in human visual cortex during directed attention in the absence of
visual stimulation. Neuron 22:751-61.

Kastner, S. and L. G. Ungerleider. 2000. Mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 23:315-41.

Katsuki, H., Y. Izumi and C. F. Zorumski. 1997. Noradrenergic regulation of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 region. J Neurophysiol 77:3013-20.

Katz, L. C. and C. J. Shatz. 1996. Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits. Science 274:1133-8.

Keenan, J. P., M. A. Wheeler, G. G. Gallup, Jr. and A. Pascual-Leone. 2000. Self-recognition and the right prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 4:338-44.

Keil, F. 1999. Nativism. In Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, 583-85. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Keith, J. R. and J. W. Rudy. 1990. Why NMDA-receptor-dependent long-term potentiation may not be a mechanism of learning and memory: reappraisal of the
NMDA-receptor blockade strategy. Psychobiology 18:251-7.

Kelso, S. R., A. H. Ganong and T. H. Brown. 1986. Hebbian synapses in hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:5326-30.

Keltner, N. and D. G. Folks. 1997. Psychotropic drugs. St Louis: Mosby.

Keltner, N. L., D. G. Folks, C. A. Palmer and R. E. Powers. 1998. Psychobiological Foundations of Psychiatric Care. St. Louis: Mosby.

Kennedy, M. B. 1999. On beyond LTP. Long-term potentiation. Learn Mem 6:417-21.

Kihlstrom, J. F. 1987. The Cognitive Unconscious. Science 237:1445-52.

Kihlstrom, J. F. 1990. The Psychological Unconscious. In Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, edited by L. Pervin, 445-64. New York: Guilford.

Killackey, H. P. 1990. Neocortical Expansion: an Attempt toward Relating Phylageny and Ontogeny. J Cogn Neurosci 2:1-17.

Killcross, S., T. W. Robbins and B. J. Everitt. 1997. Different types of fear-conditioned behavior mediated by separate nuclei within amygdala. Nature 388:377-80.

Kim, J. J. and M. S. Fanselow. 1992. Modality-specific retrograde amnesia of fear. Science 256:675-7.

Kim, J. J., R. A. Rison and M. S. Fanselow. 1993. Effects of amygdala, hippocampus, and periaqueductal gray lesions on short- and long-term contextual fear. Behav
Neurosci 107:1-6.

Kim, J. J. and K. S. Yoon 1998. Stress: metaplastic effects in the hippocampus. Trends Neurosci 21: 505-9.

Kim, J. J. and M. G. Baxter 2001. Multiple brain-memory systems: the whole does not equal the sum of its parts. Trends Neurosci 24: 324-30.

Kim, J. N. and M. N. Shadlen. 1999. Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the macaque. Nat Neurosci 2:176-85.

Klee, P. 1957. The Diaries of Paul Klee 1898-1918. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Klein, D. F. 1993. False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics, and related conditions. An integrative hypothesis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:306-17.

Klein, N. S. 1954. Use of Rauwolfia serpentina in neuropsychiatric conditions. Ann NY Acad Sci 59:107-32.

Kline, N. S. 1974. From Sad to Glad: Kline on Depression. New York: Putnam.

Kluver, H. and P. C. Bucy. 1937. "Psychic blindness" and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy in rhesus monkeys. Am J Physiol 119:352-3.

Knight, R. T. 1997. Distributed cortical network for visual stimulus detection. J Cogn Neurosci 9:75-91.

Knowlton, B. J. and M. S. Fanselow. 1998. The hippocampus, consolidation and on-line memory. Curr Opin Neurobiol 8:293-6.

Kobayashi, M., M. Ohno, S. Shibata, T. Yamamoto and S. Watanabe. 1997. Concurrent blockade of beta-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors suppresses synergistically
long-term potentiation of population spikes in the rat hippocampal CA1 region. Brain Res 777:242-6.

Koch, K. W. and J. M. Fuster. 1989. Unit activity in monkey parietal cortex related to haptic perception and temporary memory. Exp Brain Res 76:292-306.

Kolb, B. and R. Tees. 1990. The Cerebral Cortex of the Rat. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Kolm, S.-C. 1985. The Buddhist theory of 'no-self'. In The Multiple Self, edited by J. Elster. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kombian, S. B. and R. C. Malenka. 1994. Simultaneous LTP of non-NMDA- and LTD of NMDA-receptor-mediated responses in the nucleus accumbens. Nature
368:242-6.

Konorski, J. 1948. Conditioned Reflexes and Neuron Organization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Konorski, J. 1967. Integrative Activity of the Brain. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Korenberg, J. R., X. N. Chen, H. Hirota, Z. Lai, U. Bellugi, D. Burian, B. Roe and R. Matsuoka. 2000. VI. Genome structure and cognitive map of Williams syndrome. J
Cogn Neurosci 12:89-107.

Kosslyn, S. M. and O. Koenig. 1992. Wet Mind: The New Cognitive Neuroscience. New York: Macmillan, Inc.

Kotter, R. and N. Meyer. 1992. The limbic system: a review of its empirical foundation. Behav Brain Res 52:105-27.

Kraemer, G. W. 1992. A psychobiological theory of attachment. Behav Brain Sci 15:493-511.

Kramer, P. D. 1993. Listening to Prozac. New York: Viking.

Kritzer, M. F. and P. S. Goldman-Rakic. 1995. Intrinsic circuit organization of the major layers and sublayers of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J
Comp Neurol 359:131-43.

Kuffler, S. and J. Nicholls. 1976. From Neuron to Brain. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.

Kuikka, J. T., A. Pitkänen, U. Lepola, K. Partanen, P. Vainio, K. A. Bergstrom, H. J. Wieler, K. P. Kaiser, L. Mittelbach, H. Koponen and et al. 1995. Abnormal regional
benzodiazepine receptor uptake in the prefrontal cortex in patients with panic disorder. Nucl Med Commun 16:273-80.

LaBar, K. S., J. E. LeDoux, D. D. Spencer and E. A. Phelps. 1995. Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans. J Neurosci 15:6846-55.

LaBar, K. S. and J. F. Disterhoft. 1998. Conditioning, awareness, and the hippocampus. Hippocampus 8:620-6.

LaBar, K. S., J. C. Gatenby, J. C. Gore, J. E. LeDoux and E. A. Phelps. 1998. Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: a mixed-trial
fMRI study. Neuron 20:937-45.

Lamb, R. J., K. L. Preston, C. W. Schindler, R. A. Meisch, F. Davis, J. L. Katz, J. E. Henningfield and S. R. Goldberg. 1991. The reinforcing and subjective effects of
morphine in post-addicts: a dose-response study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 259:1165-73.

Lamprecht, R. and Y. Dudai. 1996. Transient expression of c-Fos in rat amygdala during training is required for encoding conditioned taste aversion memory. Learn Mem
3:31-41.

Lamprecht, R., S. Hazvi and Y. Dudai. 1997. cAMP response element-binding protein in the amygdala is required for long- but not short-term conditioned taste aversion
memory. J Neurosci 17:8443-50.

Lamprecht, R. and Y. Dudai. 2000. The amygdala in conditioned taste aversion: it's there, but where? In The Amygdala, edited by J. Aggleton. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.

Lang, E. J. and D. Pare. 1997. Synaptic and synaptically activated intrinsic conductances underlie inhibitory potentials in cat lateral amygdaloid projection neurons in vivo. J
Neurophysiol 77:353-63.

Larrabee, M. G. and D. W. Bronk. 1947. Prolonged facilitation of synaptic excitation in sympathetic ganglia. J Neurophysiol 10:139-54.

Larsen, R. J. and B. L. Fredrickson. 1999. Measurement Issues in Emotion Research. In Well-Being, edited by D. Kahneman, E. Diener and N. Schwarz. New York:
Russell Sage Foundation.

Lashley, K. 1950. The problem of serial order in behavior. In Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, edited by L. A. Jeffers. New York: Wiley.

Lashley, K. S. 1929. Brain Mechanisms of Intelligence: A Quantitative Study of Injuries to the Brain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Lashely, K. S. 1938. Experimental analysis of instinctive behavior. Psychol Rev 45:445-71.

Lashley, K. S. 1950. In search of the engram. Symp Soc Exp Biol IV:454-82.

Lazarus, R. S. 1991. Cognition and motivation in emotion. Am Psychol 46:352-67.

Lechner, H. A. and J. H. Byrne. 1998. New perspectives on classical conditioning: a synthesis of Hebbian and non-Hebbian mechanisms. Neuron 20:355-8.

LeDoux, J. E. 1982. Neuroevolutionary mechanisms of cerebral assymetry in man. Brain Behav Evol 20:196-212.

LeDoux, J. E. 1984. Cognition and emotion: processing functions and brain systems. In Handbook of Cognitive Neuroscience, edited by M. S. Gazzaniga, 357-68. New
York: Plenum Publishing Corp.

LeDoux, J. E., A. Sakaguchi and D. J. Reis. 1984. Subcortical efferent projections of the medial geniculate nucleus mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic
stimuli. J Neurosci 4:683-98.

LeDoux, J. E., D. A. Ruggiero and D. J. Reis. 1985. Projections to the subcortical forebrain from anatomically defined regions of the medial geniculate body in the rat. J
Comp Neurol 242:182-213.

LeDoux, J. E. 1986. Sensory systems and emotion. Integr Psychiatry 4:237-48.

LeDoux, J. E. 1987. Emotion. In Handbook of Physiology. 1: The Nervous System. Vol V, Higher Functions of the Brain, edited by F. Plum, 419-60. Bethesda: American
Physiological Society.

LeDoux, J. E., L. M. Romanski and A. E. Xagoraris. 1989. Indelibility of subcortical emotional memories. J Cogn Neurosci 1:238-43.

LeDoux, J. E. 1990. Information flow from sensation to emotion: Plasticity in the neural computation of stimulus value. In Learning and Computational Neuroscience:
Foundations of Adaptive Networks, edited by M. Gabriel and J. Moore, 3-52. Cambridge: MIT Press.

LeDoux, J. E., P. Cicchetti, A. Xagoraris and L. M. Romanski. 1990. The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning. J Neurosci
10:1062-9.

LeDoux, J. E., C. F. Farb and D. A. Ruggiero. 1990. Topographic organization of neurons in the acoustic thalamus that project to the amygdala. J Neurosci 10:1043-54.

LeDoux, J. E. 1991. Emotion and the limbic system concept. Concepts Neurosci 2:169-99.

LeDoux, J. E. 1992. Emotion and the Amygdala. In The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction, edited by J. P. Aggleton,
339-51. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc.

LeDoux, J. E. 1994. Emotion, memory and the brain. Sci Am 270:32-9.

LeDoux, J. E. 1995. Emotion: Clues from the brain. Annu Rev Psychol 46:209-35.

LeDoux, J. E. 1996. The Emotional Brain. New York: Simon and Schuster.

LeDoux, J. E. 1998. Nature vs. nurture: the pendulum still swings with plenty of momentum. In Chronicle of Higher Education 45(16) December 11, 1998.

LeDoux, J. E. 2000. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 23:155-84.

Lee, H. and J. J. Kim. 1998. Amygdalar NMDA receptors are critical for new fear learning in previously fear-conditioned rats. J Neurosci 18:8444-54.

Lee, K. S., F. Schottler, M. Oliver and G. Lynch. 1980. Brief bursts of high-frequency stimulation produce two types of structural change in rat hippocampus. J
Neurophysiol 44:247-58.

Lepage, M., O. Ghaffar, L. Nyberg and E. Tulving. 2000. Prefrontal cortex and episodic memory retrieval mode. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:506-11.

Lerhman, D. 1953. A critique of Konrad Lorenz's theory of instinctive behavior. Q Rev Biol 28:337-63.

Lettvin, J. Y., H. R. Maturana, W. S. McCulloch and W. H. Pitts. 1959. What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain. Proc Inst Radiol Eng 41:1940-51.

Leung, H. C., P. Skudlarski, J. C. Gatenby, B. S. Peterson and J. C. Gore. 2000. An event-related functional MRI study of the stroop color word interference task. Cereb
Cortex 10:552-60.

Levenson, R. W. 1992. Autonomic Nervous System Differences Among Emotions. Psychol Sci 3:23-7.

Levy, R. and P. S. Goldman-Rakic. 2000. Segregation of working memory functions within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Exp Brain Res 133:23-32.

Levy, W. B. and O. Steward. 1979. Synapses as Associative Memory Elements in the Hippocampal Formation. Brain Res 175:233-45.

Lewis, D. A., M. J. Campbell, S. L. Foote, M. Goldstein and J. H. Morrison. 1987. The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in primate neocortex is
widespread but regionally specific. J Neurosci 7:279-90.

Lewis, D. A., J. N. Pierri, D. W. Volk, D. S. Melchitzky and T. U. Woo. 1999. Altered GABA neurotransmission and prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia. Biol
Psychiatry 46:616-26.

Lhermitte, F., J. Deroulsne and J. L. Signoret. 1972. Analyse neuropsychologique du syndrome frontale. Rev Neurol (Paris) 127:415-40.

Li, X. F., J. L. Armony and J. E. LeDoux. 1996. GABAa and GABAb Receptors Differentially Regulate Synaptic Transmission in the Auditory Thalamo-Amygdala
Pathway: An In Vivo Microiontophoretic Study and a Model. Synapse 24:115-24.

Liang, K. C., J. L. McGaugh, J. L. Martinez, R. A. Jensen, B. J. Vasquez and R. B. Messing. 1982. Post-training amygdaloid lesions impair retention of an inhibitory
avoidance response. Behav Brain Res 4:237-49.

Liberzon, I., S. F. Taylor, R. Amdur, T. D. Jung, K. R. Chamberlain, S. Minoshima, R. A. Koeppe and L. M. Fig. 1999. Brain activation in PTSD in response to
trauma-related stimuli. Biol Psychiatry 45:817-26.

Liddle, P. F., K. J. Friston, C. D. Frith, S. R. Hirsch, T. Jones and R. S. Frackowiak. 1992. Patterns of cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 160:179-86.

Linden, D. J. 1994. Long-term synaptic depression in the mammalian brain. Neuron 12:457-72.

Linden, D. R. 1969. Attenuation and reestablishment of the CERr by discriminated avoidance conditioning in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 69:573-8.

Lindstrom, L. H., O. Gefvert, G. Hagberg, T. Lundberg, M. Bergstrom, P. Hartvig and B. Langstrom. 1999. Increased dopamine synthesis rate in medial prefrontal cortex
and striatum in schizophrenia indicated by L-(beta-11C) DOPA and PET. Biol Psychiatry 46:681-8.

Lindstrom, L. H. 2000. Schizophrenia, the dopamine hypothesis and alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonists. Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:198-9.

Lindvall, O., A. Bjorklund and I. Divac. 1978. Organization of catecholamine neurons projecting to the frontal cortex in the rat. Brain Res 142:1-24.

Lisberger, S. G. 1996. Motor learning and memory in the vestibulo-ocular reflex: the dark side. Ann NY Acad Sci 781:525-31.

Lisberger, S. G. 1998. Cerebellar LTD: a molecular mechanism of behavioral learning? Cell 92:701-4.

Lisman, J. 1994. The CaM kinase II hypothesis for the storage of synaptic memory. Trends Neurosci 17:406-12.

Livingston, K. E. and A. Escobar. 1971. Anatomical bias of the limbic system concept. Arch Neurol 24:17-21.

Llinas, R. 1988. The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons: insights into central nervous system function. Science 242:1654-64.

Llinas, R. and J. P. Welsh. 1993. On the cerebellum and motor learning. Curr Opin Neurobiol 3:958-65.

Llinas, R. and U. Ribary. 1994. Perception as an oneiric-like state modulated by the senses. In Large-Scale Neuronal Theories of the Brain, edited by C. Koch and J. Davis,
111-24. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Llinas, R., U. Ribary, M. Joliot and X.-J. Wang. 1994. Content and context in temporal thalamocortical binding. In Temporal Coding in the Brain, edited by G. Buzsaki, R.
R. Llinas, W. Singer, A. Berthoz and Y. Christen, 251-72. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Llinas, R. 2000. I of the Vortex. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Lloyd, D. P. C. 1949. Post-tetanic potentiation of response in monosynaptic reflux pathways of the spinal cord. J Gen Physiol 33:147-70.

Lockwood, K. A., G. S. Alexopoulos, T. Kakuma and W. G. Van Gorp. 2000. Subtypes of cognitive impairment in depressed older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry
8:201-8.

Loftus, E. F. 1986. Ten years in the life of an expert witness. Law Hum Behav 10:241-63.

Loftus, E. F. and H. G. Hoffman. 1989. Misinformation and memory: The creation of new memories. J Exp Psychol Gen 118:100-4.

Loftus, E. F. and M. R. Klinger. 1992. Is the unconscious smart or dumb? Am Psychol 47:761-5.

LoLordo, V. M. 1967. Similarity of conditioned fear responses based upon diferent aversive events. J Comp Physiol Psychol 64:154-8.

Lømo, T. 1966. Frequency potentiation of excitatory synaptic activity in the dentate area of the hippocampal formation. Acta Physiol Scand 68, suppl 277:128.

Lorenz, K. Z. and N. Tinbergen. 1938. Taxis und instinktbegriffe in der Eirollbewegung der Graugans. Z. Tierpsych 2:1-29.

Lorenz, K. Z. 1950. The comparative method in studying innate behavior patterns. Symp Soc Exp Biol 4:221-68.

Louie, K. and M. A. Wilson. 2001. Temporally structured replay of awake hippocampal ensemble activity during rapid eye movement sleep. Neuron 29:145-56.

Lupien, S. J., M. de Leon, S. de Santi, A. Convit, C. Tarshish, N. P. Nair, M. Thakur, B. S. McEwen, R. L. Hauger and M. J. Meaney. 1998. Cortisol levels during human
aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits. Nat Neurosci 1:69-73.

Luria, A. R. 1969. Frontal lobe syndromes. In Handbook of Clinical Neurology, edited by P. H. Vinken and G. W. Bruyn, 725-57. Amsterdam: North Holland.

Luria, A. R. 1973. The Working Brain. New York: Basic Books.

Lutz, C. A. 1988. Unnatural Emotions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Lynch, G. 1986. Synapses, Circuits, and the Beginnings of Memory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

MacLean, P. D. 1949. Psychosomatic disease and the "visceral brain": recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion. Psychosom Med 11:338-53.

MacLean, P. D. 1952. Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system (visceral brain). Electroencephalogr Clin
Neurophysiol 4:407-18.

MacLean, P. D. 1970. The triune brain, emotion and scientific bias. In The Neurosciences: Second Study Program, edited by F. O. Schmitt, 336-49. New York:
Rockefeller University Press.

MacLean, P. D. 1990. The Triune Brain in Evolution: Role in Paleocerebral Functions. New York: Plenum Press.

Magee, J. C. and D. Johnston. 1997. A synaptically controlled, associative signal for Hebbian plasticity in hippocampal neurons. Science 275:209-13.

Maier, S. F. 1984. Learned helplessness and animal models of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 8:435-46.

Maioli, M. G., S. Squatrito, B. G. Samolsky-Dekel and E. R. Sanseverino. 1998. Corticocortical connections between frontal periarcuate regions and visual areas of the
superior temporal sulcus and the adjoining inferior parietal lobule in the macaque monkey. Brain Res 789:118-25.

Makino, S., P. W. Gold and J. Schulkin. 1994. Corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA in the central nucleus of the amygdala and the parvocellular region of the
paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brain Res 640:105-12.

Malenka, R. C. and R. A. Nicoll. 1999. Long-term potentiation--a decade of progress? Science 285:1870-4.

Malgaroli, A. and R. W. Tsien. 1992. Glutamate-induced long-term potentiation of the frequency of miniature synaptic currents in cultured hippocampal neurons. Nature
357:134-9.

Malinow, R. and J. P. Miller. 1986. Postsynaptic hyperpolarization during conditioning reversibly blocks induction of long-term potentiation. Nature 320:529-30.

Manning, A. 1967. An Introduction to Animal Behaviour. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Manns, J. R., R. E. Clark and L. R. Squire. 2000. Awareness predicts the magnitude of single-cue trace eyeblink conditioning. Hippocampus 10:181-6.

Mansuy, I. M., D. G. Winder, T. M. Moallem, M. Osman, M. Mayford, R. D. Hawkins and E. R. Kandel. 1998. Inducible and reversible gene expression with the rtTA
system for the study of memory. Neuron 21:257-65.

Marcel, A. J. and E. Bisiach. 1988. Consciousness in Contemporary Science. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Marcus, G. F. 1999. Language acquisition in the absence of explicit negative evidence: can simple recurrent networks obviate the need for domain-specific learning
devices? Cognition 73:293-6.

Maren, S. and M. S. Fanselow. 1996. The amygdala and fear conditioning: Has the nut been cracked? Neuron 16:237-40.

Maren, S., G. Aharonov, D. L. Stote and M. S. Fanselow. 1996. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the basolateral amygdala are required for both acquisition and
expression of the conditional fear in rats. Behav Neurosci 110:1365-74.

Maren, S., S. G. Anagnostaras and M. S. Fanselow. 1998. The startled seahorse: is the hippocampus necessary for contextual fear conditioning? Trends Cogn Sci 2:39-41.

Maren, S. 1999. Long-term potentiation in the amygdala: a mechanism for emotional learning and memory. Trends Neurosci 22:561-7.

Maren, S. 2000. Auditory fear conditioning increases CS-elicited spike firing in lateral amygdala neurons even after extensive overtraining. Eur J Neurosci 12:4047-54.

Maren, S. 2001. Neurobiology of Pavlovian fear conditioning. Annu Rev Neurosci 24: 897-931.

Markram, H., J. Lubke, M. Frotscher, A. Roth and B. Sakmann. 1997. Physiology and anatomy of synaptic connections between thick tufted pyramidal neurones in the
developing rat neocortex. J Physiol (Lond) 500:409-40.

Marks, I. 1987. Fears, Phobias, and Rituals: Panic, Anxiety, and Their Disorders. New York: Oxford University Press.

Markus, H. R. and S. Kitayama. 1991. Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychol Rev 98:224-53.

Marler, P. and H. Terrace. 1984. The Biology of Learning. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Marr, D. 1969. A theory of cerebellar cortex. J Physiol (Lond) 202:437-70.

Marshall, L. B. and O. A. Smith. 1975. Prefrontal control of conditioned suppression and associated cardiovascular variables in the monkey (Macaca mulatta). J Comp
Physiol Psychol 88:21-35.

Martin, J. and J. Sugarman. 2000. Between the modern and the postmodern: The possibility of self and progressive understanding in psychology. Am Psychol 55:397-406.

Martin, K. A. 1994. A brief history of the "feature detector". Cereb Cortex 4:1-7.

Martin, K. C. and E. R. Kandel. 1996. Cell adhesion molecules, CREB, and the formation of new synaptic connections. Neuron 17:567-70.

Martin, K. C., A. Casadio, H. Zhu, Y. E, J. C. Rose, M. Chen, C. H. Bailey and E. R. Kandel. 1997. Synapse-specific, long-term facilitation of aplysia sensory to motor
synapses: a function for local protein synthesis in memory storage. Cell 91:927-38.

Martin, S. J., P. D. Grimwood and R. G. Morris. 2000. Synaptic plasticity and memory: an evaluation of the hypothesis. Annu Rev Neurosci 23:649-711.

Martinez, J. L., Jr. and B. E. Derrick. 1996. Long-term potentiation and learning. Annu Rev Psychol 47:173-203.

Masson, J. M. and S. McCarthy. 1995. When Elephants Weep: The Emotional Lives of Animals. New York: Delacorte.

Maturana, H. and F. Varela. 1987. The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding. Boston: New Science Library.

Mayer, M. L. and G. L. Westbrook. 1987. The Physiology of Excitatory Amino Acids in the Vertebrate Central Nervous System. Prog Neurobiol 28:197-276.

Mayford, M., T. Abel and E. R. Kandel. 1995. Transgenic approaches to cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol 5:141-8.

Mayford, M., M. E. Bach, Y. Y. Huang, L. Wang, R. D. Hawkins and E. R. Kandel. 1996. Control of memory formation through regulated expression of a CaMKII
transgene. Science 274:1678-83.

Mayford, M. and E. R. Kandel. 1999. Genetic approaches to memory storage. Trends Genet 15:463-70.

McAllister, W. R. and D. E. McAllister. 1971. Behavioral measurement of conditioned fear. In Aversive Conditioning and Learning, edited by F. R. Brush, 105-79. New
York: Academic Press.

McClelland, D. C. 1951. Personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Wilson.

McClelland, J. L., B. L. McNaughton and R. C. O'Reilly. 1995. Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: insights from the
successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychol Rev 102:419-57.

McDonald, A. J. 1998. Cortical pathways to the mammalian amygdala. Prog Neurobiol 55:257-332.

McDonald, R. J. and N. M. White. 1993. A triple dissociation of memory systems: hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal striatum. Behav Neurosci 107:3-22.

McDougall, W. 1908. An Introduction to Social Psychology. London: Matheun.

McEwen, B. S. 1994. The Hostage Brain. New York: Rockefeller University Press.

McEwen, B. S. and R. M. Sapolsky. 1995. Stress and cognitive function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 5:205-16.

McEwen, B. S. 1998. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med 338:171-9.

McEwen, B. S. 1999. Stress and hippocampal plasticity. Annu Rev Neurosci 22:105-22.

McGaugh, J. L. and P. E. Gold. 1989. Hormonal Modulation of Memory. In Psychoendocrinology, 305-40. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

McGaugh, J. L. 1990. Significance and Rememberance: The role of neuromodulatory systems. Psychol Sci 1:15-25.

McGaugh, J. L. 2000. Memory--a century of consolidation. Science 287:248-51.

McGinn, C. 2000. The Mysterious Flame. New York: Basic Books.

McGrath, P. J., J. W. Stewart, M. N. Janal, E. Petkova, F. M. Quitkin and D. F. Klein. 2000. A placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine versus imipramine in the acute
treatment of atypical depression. Am J Psychiatry 157:344-50.

McHugh, T. J., K. I. Blum, J. Z. Tsien, S. Tonegawa and M. A. Wilson. 1996. Impaired hippocampal representation of space in CA1-specific NMDAR1 knockout mice.
Cell 87:1339-49.

McKernan, M. G. and P. Shinnick-Gallagher. 1997. Fear conditioning induces a lasting potentiation of synaptic currents in vitro. Nature 390:607-11.

McNaughton, B. L., R. M. Douglas and G. V. Goddard. 1978. Synaptic Enhancement in Fascia Dentata: Cooperativity Among Coactive Afferents. Brain Res 157:277-93.

McNaughton, B. L. and C. A. Barnes. 1990. From cooperative synaptic enhancement to associative memory: bridging the abyss. Semin Neurosci 2:403-16.

McNaughton, B. L. 1998. The Neurophysiology of Reminiscence. Neurobiol Learn Mem 70:252-67.

McNish, K. A., J. C. Gewirtz and M. Davis. 1997. Evidence of contextual fear after lesions of the hippocampus: a disruption of freezing but not fear-potentiated startle. J
Neurosci 17:9353-60.

Medina, J. F., W. L. Nores, T. Ohyama and M. D. Mauk. 2000. Mechanisms of cerebellar learning suggested by eyelid conditioning. Curr Opin Neurobiol 10: 717-24.

Meichenbaum, D. and J. B. Gilmore. 1984. The nature of unconscious processes: A cognitive-behavioral perspective. In The Unconscious Reconsidered, edited by K. S.
Bowers and D. Meichenbaum, 273-98. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Meisel, R. L. and B. D. Sachs. 1994. The physiology of male sexual behavior. In The Physiology of Reproduction, edited by E. Knobil and D. Neill. New York: Raven
Press.

Merikle, P. M. 1992. Perception without awareness. Critical issues. Am Psychol 47:792-5.

Merzenich, M., B. Wright, W. Jenkins, C. Xerri, N. Byl, S. Miller and P. Tallal. 1996. Cortical plasticity underlying perceptual, motor, and cognitive skill development:
implications for neurorehabilitation. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 61:1-8.

Mesulam, M. M., G. W. Van Hoesen, D. N. Pandya and N. Geschwind. 1977. Limbic and sensory connections of the inferior parietal lobule (area PG) in the rhesus
monkey: a study with a new method for horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. Brain Res 136:393-414.

Metzinger, T. 1995. Conscious Experience. Thorverton, UK: Imprint Academic.

Miller, E. K., L. Li and R. Desimone. 1993. Activity of neurons in anterior inferior temporal cortex during a short- term memory task. J Neurosci 13:1460-78.

Miller, E. K. and R. Desimone. 1994. Parallel neuronal mechanisms for short-term memory. Science 263:520-2.

Miller, E. K. 1999. The prefrontal cortex: complex neural properties for complex behavior. Neuron 22:15-7.

Miller, G. A. 1956. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychol Rev 63:81-97.

Miller, K. D. 1994. A model for the development of simple cell receptive fields and the ordered arrangement of orientation columns through activity-dependent competition
between ON- and OFF-center inputs. J Neurosci 14:409-41.

Miller, N. E. 1948. Studies of fear as an acquirable drive: I. Fear as motivation and fear reduction as reinforcement in the learning of new responses. J Exp Psychol
38:89-101.

Miller, N. E. 1951. Learnable drives and rewards. In Handbook of Experimental Psychology, edited by S. S. Stevens, 435-72. New York: Wiley.

Miller, N. E. 1965. Chemical coding of behavior in the brain. Science 148:328-38.

Milner, B. 1962. Les troubles de la memoire accompagnant des lesions hippocampiques bilaterales. In Physiologie de l'hippocampe, edited by P. Plassouant. Paris: Centre de
la Recherche Scientifique.

Milner, B. 1965. Memory disturbances after bilateral hippocampal lesions in man. In Cognitive Processes and Brain, edited by P. M. Milner and S. E. Glickman. Princeton:
Van Nostrand.

Milner, B. 1967. Brain mechanisms suggested by studies of temporal lobes. In Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech and Language, edited by F. L. Darley. New York:
Grunne and Stratton.

Milner, B. 1972. Disorders of learning and memory after temporal lobe lesions in man. Clin Neurosurg 19:421-46.

Milner, B. 1982. Some cognitive effects of frontal-lobe lesions in man. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 298:211-26.

Milner, P. 1970. Physiological Psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.

Milner, P. M. 1974. A model for visual shape recognition. Psychol Rev 81:521-35.

Mineka, S. 1979. The role of fear in theories of avoidance learning, flooding, and extinction. Psychol Bull 86:985-1010.

Mineka, S. and M. Cook. 1993. Mechanisms involved in the observational conditioning of fear. J Exp Psychol Gen 122:23-38.

Minsky, M. 1985. The Society of Mind. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc.

Mischel, W. 1990. Personality dispositions revisited and revised: A view after three decades. In Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, edited by L. A. Pervin.
New York: Guilford.

Mischel, W. 1993. Introduction to Personality. Fort Worth: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.

Miserendino, M. J. D., C. B. Sananes, K. R. Melia and M. Davis. 1990. Blocking of acquisition but not expression of conditioned fear-potentiated startle by NMDA
antagonists in the amygdala. Nature 345:716-8.

Mishkin, M. and J. Aggleton. 1981. Multiple functional contributions of the amygdala in the monkey. In The Amygdaloid Complex, edited by Y. Ben-Ari, 409-20.
Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.

Mishkin, M. and E. A. Murray. 1994. Stimulus recognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol 4:200-6.

Miyashita-Lin, E. M., R. Hevner, K. M. Wassarman, S. Martinez and J. L. Rubenstein. 1999. Early neocortical regionalization in the absence of thalamic innervation.
Science 285:906-9.

Mody, M., M. Studdert-Kennedy and S. Brady. 1997. Speech perception deficits in poor readers: auditory processing or phonological coding? J Exp Child Psychol
64:199-231.

Mogenson, G. J., D. L. Jones and C. Y. Yim. 1980. From motivation to action: functional interface between the limbic system and the motor system. Prog Neurobiol
14:69-97.

Moltz, H. 1965. Contemporary instinct theory and the fixed action pattern. Psychol Rev 72:27-47.

Mooney, R. 1999. Sensitive periods and circuits for learned birdsong. Curr Opin Neurobiol 9:121-7.

Morgan, C. T. 1943. Physiological Psychology. New York: McGraw Hill.

Morgan, C. T. 1957. Physiological mechanisms of motivation. Nebr Symp Motiv 5:1-43.

Morgan, S. L. and T. J. Teyler. 1999. VDCCs and NMDARs underlie two forms of LTP in CA1 hippocampus in vivo. J Neurophysiol 82:736-40.

Morihisa, J. M. and G. B. McAnulty. 1985. Structure and function: brain electrical activity mapping and computed tomography in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 20:3-19.

Morris, J. S., C. D. Frith, D. I. Perret, D. Rowland, A. W. Young, A. J. Calder and R. J. Dolan. 1996. A differential neural responce in the human amygdala to fearful and
happy facial expressions. Nature 383:812-5.

Morris, J. S., A. Öhman and R. J. Dolan. 1998. Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature 393:467-70.

Morris, J. S., A. Öhman and R. J. Dolan. 1999. A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating "unseen" fear. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:1680-5.

Morris, R. 1984. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 11:47-60.

Morris, R. G. M., E. Anderson, G. S. Lynch and M. Baudry. 1986. Selective impairment of learning and blockade of long-term potentiation by and N-methyl-D-asparate
receptor antagonist, AP5. Nature 319:774-6.

Morris, R. G. M., R. F. Halliwell and N. Bowery. 1989. Synaptic plasticity and learning: II. Do different kinds of plastcity underlie different forms of learning?
Neuropsychologia 27:41-59.

Morris, R. G. M. 1992. Is there overlap between the characteristics of learning and the physiological properties of LTP? In Encyclopedia of Learning and Memory, edited
by L. R. Squire, 369-72. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

Morris, R. G. M. 1994. The neural basis of learning with particular reference to the role of synaptic plasticity: where are we a century after Cajal's speculations? In Animal
Learning and Cognition, edited by N. Mackintosh. San Diego: Academic Press.

Moruzzi, G. and H. W. Magoun. 1949. Brain Stem Reticular Formation and Activation of the EEG. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1:455-73.

Moser, E. I. 1995. Learning-related changes in hippocampal field potentials. Behav Brain Res 71:11-8.

Mowrer, O. H. 1939. A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent. Psychol Rev 46:553-65.

Mowrer, O. H. and R. R. Lamoreaux. 1946. Fear as an intervening variable in avoidance conditioning. J Comp Psych 39:29-50.

Mowrer, O. H. 1947. On the dual nature of learning: A reinterpretation of "conditioning" and "problem solving". Harv Educ Rev 17:102-48.

Mowrer, O. H. 1960. Learning Theory and Behavior. New York: Wiley.

Moyer, J. R., Jr., R. A. Deyo and J. F. Disterhoft. 1990. Hippocampectomy disrupts trace eye-blink conditioning in rabbits. Behav Neurosci 104:243-52.

Moyer, J. R., Jr., L. T. Thompson and J. F. Disterhoft. 1996. Trace eyeblink conditioning increases CA1 excitability in a transient and learning-specific manner. J
Neurosci 16:5536-46.

Muller, J., K. P. Corodimas, Z. Fridel and J. E. LeDoux. 1997. Functional inactivation of the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala by muscimol infusion prevents fear
conditioning to an explicit CS and to contextual stimuli. Behav Neurosci 111:683-91.

Muller, R. U., B. Poucet, A. A. Fenton and A. Cressant. 1999. Is the hippocampus of the rat part of a specialized navigational system? Hippocampus 9:413-22.

Muller, U., D. Y. von Cramon and S. Pollmann. 1998. D1- versus D2-receptor modulation of visuospatial working memory in humans. J Neurosci 18:2720-8.

Munroe, R. L. 1955. Schools of Psychoanalytic Thought. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Murphy, G. G. and D. L. Glanzman. 1999. Cellular analog of differential classical conditioning in aplysia: disruption by the NMDA receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-
phosphonovalerate. J Neurosci 19:10595-602.

Murphy, S. and R. Zajonc. 1993. Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with suboptimal and optimal stimuli. J Pers Soc Psychol 64:723-39.

Murray, E. A. and B. J. Richmond. 2001. Role of perirhinal cortex in object perception, memory, and associations. Curr Opin Neurobiol 11:188-93.

Myers, R. D. 1974. Handbook of Drug and Chemical Stimulation of the Brain. New York: van Nostrand Rinehold.

Nadasdy, Z., H. Hirase, A. Czurko, J. Csicsvari and G. Buzsaki. 1999. Replay and time compression of recurring spike sequences in the hippocampus. J Neurosci
19:9497-507.

Nadel, L. and J. Willner. 1980. Context and conditioning: A place for space. Physiol Psychol 8:218-28.

Nadel, L. and M. Moscovitch. 1997. Memory consolidation, retrograde amnesia and the hippocampal complex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 7:217-27.

Nader, K. and D. van der Kooy. 1994. The motivation produced by morphine and food is isomorphic: approaches to specific motivational stimuli are learned.
Psychobiology 22:68-76.

Nader, K., A. Bechara and D. van der Kooy. 1997. Neurobiological constraints on behavioral models of behavior. Annu Rev Psychol 48:85-114.

Nader, K. and J. E. LeDoux. 1997. Is it time in invoke multiple fear learning system? Trends Cog Sci 1:241-4.

Nader, K., G. E. Schafe and J. E. LeDoux. 2000. Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature 406:722-6.

Nagel, T. 1974. What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review 83:4435-50.

Nargeot, R. 2001. Long-lasting reconfiguration of two interacting networks by a cooperation of presynaptic and postsynaptic plasticity. J Neurosci 21:3282-94.

Nauta, W. J. H. and H. J. Karten. 1970. A general profile of the vertebrate brain, with sidelights on the ancestry of cerebral cortex. In The Neurosciences: Second Study
Program, edited by F. O. Schmitt, 7-26. New York: The Rockefeller University Press.

Nauta, W. J. 1971. The problem of the frontal lobe: a reinterpretation. J Psychiatr Res 8:167-87.

Nauta, W. J. H. 1979. Expanding borders of the limbic system concept. In Functional Neurosurgery, edited by T. Rasmussen and R. Marino, 7-23. New York: Raven
Press.

Neisser, U. 1967. Cognitive Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Neisser, U. 1988. Five kinds of self knowledge. Philos Psychol 1:35-9.

Neisser, U. and R. Fivush. 1994. The Remembering Self: Construction and Accuracy in the Self-Narrative. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Neisser, U. and N. Harsch. 1992. Phantom flashbulbs: False recollections of hearing the news about Challenger. In Affect and Accuracy in Recall: Studies of "Flashbulb"
Memories, edited by E. Winograd and U. Neisser. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Neisser, U. 1998. The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ and Other Measures. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Nelson, J. C., C. M. Mazure, M. B. Bowers, Jr. and P. I. Jatlow. 1991. A preliminary, open study of the combination of fluoxetine and desipramine for rapid treatment of
major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:303-7.

Nemeroff, C. B. 1998. Psychopharmacology of affective disorders in the 21st century. Biol Psychiatry 44:517-25.

Nestler, E. J. 1998. Antidepressant treatments in the 21st century. Biol Psychiatry 44:526-33.

Neville, H. J. and D. Lawson. 1987. Attention to central and peripheral visual space in a movement detection task: an event-related potential and behavioral study. II.
Congenitally deaf adults. Brain Res 405:268-83.

Neville, H. J. 1990. Intermodal competition and compensation in development. Evidence from studies of the visual system in congenitally deaf adults. Ann NY Acad Sci
608:71-87.

Nicolelis, M. A. and J. K. Chapin. 1994. Spatiotemporal structure of somatosensory responses of many-neuron ensembles in the rat ventral posterior medial nucleus of the
thalamus. J Neurosci 14:3511-32.

Nicoll, R. A. and R. C. Malenka. 1995. Contrasting properties of two forms of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 377:115-8.

Niehoff, D. L. and M. J. Kuhar. 1983. Benzodiazepine receptors: localization in rat amygdala. J Neurosci 3:2091-7.

Nieuwenhuys, R. 1985. Chemoarchitecture of the Brain. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Nisbett, R. E. and T. D. Wilson. 1977. Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychol Rev 84:231-59.

Nopoulos, P., I. Torres, M. Flaum, N. C. Andreasen, J. C. Ehrhardt and W. T. Yuh. 1995. Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 152:1721-3.

Nordahl, T. E., M. B. Stein, C. Benkelfat, W. E. Semple, P. Andreason, A. Zametkin, T. W. Uhde and R. M. Cohen. 1998. Regional cerebral metabolic asymmetries
replicated in an independent group of patients with panic disorders. Biol Psychiatry 44:998-1006.

Norman, D. A. and T. Shallice. 1980. Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behavior. In Consciousness and Self-Regulation, edited by R. J. Davidson, G. E.
Schwartz and D. Shapiro. New York: Plenum

Northcutt, R. G. and J. H. Kaas. 1995. The emergence and evolution of mammalian neocortex. Trends Neurosci 18:373-9.

Nottebohm, F. 1989. From bird song to neurogenesis. Sci Am 260:74-9.

Nowak, L., P. Bregestovski, P. Ascher, A. Herbert and A. Prochiantz. 1984. Magnesium gates glutamate-activated channels in mouse central neurones. Nature 307:462-5.

Oatley, K. and P. Johnson-Laird. 1987. Towards a cognitive theory of emotion. Cogn Emot 1:29-50.

O'Connor, K. J., K. S. LaBar and E. A. Phelps. 1999. Impaired contextual fear conditioning in amnesics. Presentation at 6th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience
Society, Washington, D.C.

O'Connor, T. G. and M. Rutter. 2000. Attachment disorder behavior following early severe deprivation: extension and longitudinal follow-up. English and Romanian
Adoptees Study Team. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:703-12.

O'Connor, T. G., M. Rutter, C. Beckett, L. Keaveney and J. M. Kreppner. 2000. The effects of global severe privation on cognitive competence: extension and longitudinal
follow-up. English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team. Child Dev 71:376-90.

O'Dell, T. J., P. L. Huang, T. M. Dawson, J. L. Dinerman, S. H. Snyder, E. R. Kandel and M. C. Fishman. 1994. Endothelial NOS and the blockade of LTP by NOS
inhibitors in mice lacking neuronal NOS. Science 265:542-6.

Öhman, A. and J. J. Soares. 1994. "Unconscious anxiety": phobic responses to masked stimuli. J Abnorm Psychol 103:231-40.

Öhman, A. 2000. Fear and Anxiety: Evolutionary, Cognitive, and Clinical Perspectives. In Handbook of Emotions, 2nd ed., edited by M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland-Jones,
573-93. New York: The Guilford Press.

Öhman, A., A. Flykt and D. Lundqvist. 2000. Unconscious emotion: evolutionary perspectives, psychophysiological data and neuropsychological mechanisms. In Cognitive
Neuroscience of Emotion, edited by R. D. Lane and L. Nadel. New York: Oxford University Press.

O'Keefe, J. and L. Nadel. 1978. The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. New York: Oxford University Press.

Okubo, Y., T. Suhara, K. Suzuki, K. Kobayashi, O. Inoue, O. Terasaki, Y. Someya, T. Sassa, Y. Sudo, E. Matsushima, M. Iyo, Y. Tateno and M. Toru. 1997. Decreased
prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors in schizophrenia revealed by PET. Nature 385:634-6.

Olds, J. and P. Milner. 1954. Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal and other regions of the brain. J Comp Physiol Psychol 47:419-27.

Olds, J. 1956. Pleasure centers in the brain. Sci Am 195:105-16.

Olds, J. 1958. Self stimulation of the brain. Science 127:315-24.

Olds, J. 1973. Commentary. In Brain Stimulation and Motivation, edited by E. Valenstein. Glenview, Il: Scott, Foresman.

Olds, J. 1977. Drives and Reinforcement. New York: Raven.

O'Leary, D. D. 1992. Development of connectional diversity and specificity in the mammalian brain by the pruning of collateral projections. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2:70-7.

Olton, D., J. T. Becker and G. E. Handleman. 1979. Hippocampus, space and memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:313-65.

Ono, T. and H. Nishijo. 1992. Neurophysiological Basis of the Kluver-Bucy Syndrome: Responses of Monkey Amygdaloid Neurons to Biologically Significant Objects. In
The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction, edited by J. P. Aggleton, 167-90. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Onoe, H., H. Tsukada, S. Nishiyama, S. Nakanishi, O. Inoue, B. Langstrom and Y. Watanabe. 1996. A subclass of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor exclusively localized in
the limbic system. Neuroreport 8:117-22.

Oppenheim, R. W. 1998. Chapter 20, Programmed cell death. In Fundamental Neuroscience, edited by M. Zigmond. San Diego: Academic Press

O'Reilly, R. C. and Y. Munakata. 2000. Computational Explorations in Cognitive Neuroscience: Understanding the Mind by Stimulating the Brain. Cambridge: MIT Press.

O'Reilly, R. C. and J. W. Rudy. 2001. Conjunctive representations in learning and memory: principles of cortical and hippocampal function. Psychol Rev 108:311-45.

Ortony, A., G. L. Clore and A. Collins. 1988. The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Owen, A. M., N. J. Herrod, D. K. Menon, J. C. Clark, S. P. Downey, T. A. Carpenter, P. S. Minhas, F. E. Turkheimer, E. J. Williams, T. W. Robbins, B. J. Sahakian, M.
Petrides and J. D. Pickard. 1999. Redefining the functional organization of working memory processes within human lateral prefrontal cortex. Eur J Neurosci 11:567-74.

Packard, M. G., L. Cahill and J. L. McGaugh. 1994. Amygdala modulation of hippocampal-dependent and caudate nucleus- dependent memory processes. Proc Natl Acad
Sci USA 91:8477-81.

Pakkenberg, B. 1987. Post-mortem study of chronic schizophrenic brains. Br J Psychiatry 151:744-52.

Pandya, D. N. and B. Seltzer. 1982. Intrinsic connections and architectonics of posterior parietal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 204:196-210.

Pandya, D. N. and E. H. Yeterian. 1996. Morphological correlations of human and monkey frontal lobe. In Neurobiology of Decision-Making, edited by A. R. Damasio, H.
Damasio and Y. Christen. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Panksepp, J. 1982. Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions. Behav Brain Sci 5:407-67.

Panksepp, J. 1998. Affective Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press.

Papez, J. W. 1937. A proposed mechanism of emotion. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 79:217-24.

Pare, M. and R. H. Wurtz. 1997. Monkey posterior parietal cortex neurons antidromically activated from superior colliculus. J Neurophysiol 78:3493-7.

Parker, A. J. and W. T. Newsome. 1998. Sense and the single neuron: probing the physiology of perception. Annu Rev Neurosci 21:227-77.

Passingham, R. 1995. The Frontal Lobes and Voluntary Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Paulsen, O. and T. J. Sejnowski. 2000. Natural patterns of activity and long-term synaptic plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 10:172-9.

Pavlides, C., Y. Watanabe and B. S. McEwen. 1993. Effects of glucocorticoids on hippocampal long-term potentiation. Hippocampus 3:183-92.

Pavlides, C., S. Ogawa, A. Kimura and B. S. McEwen. 1996. Role of adrenal steroid mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in long-term potentiation in the CA1
field of hippocampal slices. Brain Res 738:229-35.

Pavlov, I. P. 1927. Conditioned Reflexes. New York: Dover.

Pennartz, C. M., R. F. Ameerun, H. J. Groenewegen and F. H. Lopes da Silva. 1993. Synaptic plasticity in an in vitro slice preparation of the rat nucleus accumbens. Eur J
Neurosci 5:107-17.

Penrose, R. 1989. The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics. New York: Penguin Books.

Pesold, C. and D. Treit. 1995. The central and basolateral amygdala differentially mediate the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines. Brain Res 671:213-21.

Peterson, B. S., P. Skudlarski, J. C. Gatenby, H. Zhang, A. W. Anderson and J. C. Gore. 1999. An fMRI study of Stroop word-color interference: evidence for cingulate
subregions subserving multiple distributed attentional systems. Biol Psychiatry 45:1237-58.

Petrides, M. and D. N. Pandya. 1999. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical
connection patterns. Eur J Neurosci 11:1011-36.

Pettegrew, J. W., M. S. Keshavan, K. Panchalingam, S. Strychor, D. B. Kaplan, M. G. Tretta and M. Allen. 1991. Alterations in brain high-energy phosphate and
membrane phospholipid metabolism in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenics. A pilot study of the dorsal prefrontal cortex by in vivo phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:563-8.

Petty, R. G., P. E. Barta, G. D. Pearlson, I. K. McGilchrist, R. W. Lewis, A. Y. Tien, A. Pulver, D. D. Vaughn, M. F. Casanova and R. E. Powers. 1995. Reversal of
asymmetry of the planum temporale in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 152:715-21.

Pfaff, D. W. 1999. Drive: Neurobiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Sexual Motivation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Phelps, E. A., K. J. O'Connor, W. A. Cunningham, E. S. Funayama, J. C. Gatenby, J. C. Gore and M. R. Banaji. 2000. Performance on indirect measures of race
evaluation predicts amygdala activation. J Cogn Neurosci 12:729-38.

Phillips, R. G. and J. E. LeDoux. 1992. Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behav Neurosci 106:274-85.

Phillips, W. A. and W. Singer. 1997. In search of common foundations for cortical computation. Behav Brain Sci 20:657-83.

Piattelli-Palmarini, M. 1989. Evolution, selection and cognition: from "learning" to parameter setting in biology and in the study of language. Cognition 31:1-44.

Pinker, S. and P. Bloom. 1990. Natural language and natural selection. Behav Brain Sci 13:723-24.

Pinker, S. 1994. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. New York: William Morrow and Company.

Pinker, S. 1997. How the Mind Works. New York: Norton.

Pitkänen, A., V. Savander and J. E. LeDoux. 1997. Organization of intra-amygdaloid circuitries in the rat: an emerging framework for understanding functions of the
amygdala. Trends Neurosci 20:517-23.

Pitman, R. K., A. Y. Shalev and S. P. Orr. 2000. Posttraumatic stress disorder: emotion, conditioning, and memory. In The New Cognitive Neurosciences, edited by M. S.
Gazzaniga. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Plato, P. 1964. In Body, Mind and Death, edited by A. Flew. New York: Macmillan.

Platt, M. L. and P. W. Glimcher. 1999. Neural correlates of decision variables in parietal cortex. Nature 400:233-8.

Plaznik, A., M. Jessa, A. Bidzinski and M. Nazar. 1994. The effect of serotonin depletion and intra-hippocampal midazolam on rat behavior in the Vogel conflict test. Eur J
Pharmacol 257:293-6.

Plutchik, R. 1980. Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis. New York: Harper & Row.

Poe, G. R., D. A. Nitz, B. L. McNaughton and C. A. Barnes. 2000. Experience-dependent phase-reversal of hippocampal neuron firing during REM sleep. Brain Res
855:176-80.

Poletti, C. E. 1986. Is the Limbic System a Limbic System? Studies of Hippocampal Efferents: Their Functional and Clinical Implications. In The Limbic System:
Functional Organization and Clinical Disorders, edited by B. K. Doane and K. E. Livingston, 79-95. New York: Raven Press.

Popper, K. P. and J. C. Eccles. 1977. The Self and Its Brain. Berlin, New York: Springer.

Porges, S. W. 1998. Love: an emergent property of the mammalian autonomic nervous system. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23:837-61.

Porsolt, R. D. 2000. Animal models of depression: utility for transgenic research. Rev Neurosci 11:53-8.

Posner, M. 1992. Attention as a cognitive and neural system. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 1:11-4.

Povinelli, D. J. and T. M. Preuss. 1995. Theory of mind: evolutionary history of a cognitive specialization. Trends Neurosci 18:418-24.

Premack, D. 1965. Reinforcement theory. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, edited by D. Levine. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Premack, D. 1985. "Gavagai!" or the future history of the animal language controversy. Cognition 19:207-96.

Preuss, T. 1995. The argument from animals to humans in cognitive neuroscience. In The Cognitive Neurosciences, edited by M. S. Gazzaniga. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Preuss, T. M. 1995. Do rats have prefrontal cortex? The Rose-Woolsey-Akert program reconsidered. J Cogn Neurosci 7:1-24.

Prien, R. F., C. J. Klett and E. M. Caffey, Jr. 1973. Lithium carbonate and imipramine in prevention of affective episodes. A comparison in recurrent affective illness. Arch
Gen Psychiatry 29:420-5.

Purves, D. 1994. Neural Activity and the Growth of the Brain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Purves, D., G. J. Augustine, D. Fitzpatrick, L. C. Katz, A.-S. LaMantia and J. O. McNamara. 1996. Neuroscience. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.

Quartz, S. R. and T. J. Sejnowski. 1997. The neural basis of cognitive development: a constructivist manifesto. Behav Brain Sci 20:537-56.

Quinn, W. G., W. A. Harris and S. Benzer. 1974. Conditioned behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:708-12.

Quirk, G. J., J. C. Repa and J. E. LeDoux. 1995. Fear conditioning enhances short-latency auditory responses of lateral amygdala neurons: parallel recordings in the freely
behaving rat. Neuron 15:1029-39.

Quirk, G. J., J. L. Armony and J. E. LeDoux. 1997. Fear conditioning enhances different temporal components of toned-evoked spike trains in auditory cortex and lateral
amygdala. Neuron 19:613-24.

Quirk, G. J., G. K. Russo, J. L. Barron and K. Lebron. 2000. The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the recovery of extinguished fear. J Neurosci 20:6225-31.

Quitkin, F. M., J. G. Rabkin, J. Gerald, J. M. Davis and D. F. Klein. 2000. Validity of clinical trials of antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 157:327-37.

Rainville, P., G. H. Duncan, D. D. Price, B. Carrier and M. C. Bushnell. 1997. Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science
277:968-71.

Rakic, P. 1977. Prenatal development of the visual system in rhesus monkey. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 278:245-60.

Rakic, P., J. P. Bourgeois, M. F. Eckenhoff, N. Zecevic and P. S. Goldman-Rakic. 1986. Concurrent overproduction of synapses in diverse regions of the primate cerebral
cortex. Science 232:232-5.

Rakic, P. 1992. Dividing up the neocortex. Science 258:1421-2.

Rakic, P. 1995. A small step for the cell, a giant leap for mankind: A hypothesis of neocortical expansion during evolution. Trends Neurosci 18:383-8.

Ramachandran, V. S. and S. Blakeslee. 1998. Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind. New York: William Morrow.

Ramón y Cajal, S. 1909-1911. Histologie du systeme nerveux de l'homme et des vertebres. Paris: A. Maloine.

Ranck, J. B., Jr. 1973. Studies on single neurons in dorsal hippocampal formation and septum in unrestrained rats. I. Behavioral correlates and firing repertoires. Exp
Neurol 41:461-531.

Randic, M., M. C. Jiang and R. Cerne. 1993. Long-term potentiation and long-term depression of primary afferent neurotransmission in the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci
13:5228-41.

Raper, J. A. and M. Tessier-Lavigne. 1998. Chapter 18, Growth cones and axonal pathfinding. In Fundamental Neuroscience, edited by M. Zigmond. San Diego: Academic
Press.

Rauch, S. L., C. R. Savage, N. M. Alpert, E. C. Miguel, L. Baer, H. C. Breiter, A. J. Fischman, P. A. Manzo, C. Moretti and M. A. Jenike. 1995. A positron emission
tomographic study of simple phobic symptom provocation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:20-8.

Rauch, S. L., B. A. van der Kolk, R. E. Fisler, N. M. Alpert, S. P. Orr, C. R. Savage, A. J. Fischman, M. A. Jenike and R. K. Pitman. 1996. A symptom provocation study
of posttraumatic stress disorder using positron emission tomography and script-driven imagery. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:380-7.

Rauch, S. L., C. R. Savage, N. M. Alpert, A. J. Fischman and M. A. Jenike. 1997. The functional neuroanatomy of anxiety: a study of three disorders using positron
emission tomography and symptom provocation. Biol Psychiatry 42:446-52.

Recanzone, G. H., C. E. Schreiner and M. M. Merzenich. 1993. Plasticity in the frequency representation of primary auditory cortex following discrimination training in
adult owl monkeys. J Neurosci 13:87-103.

Redgrave, P., T. J. Prescott and K. Gurney. 1999. Is the short-latency dopamine response too short to signal reward error? Trends Neurosci 22:146-51.

Redmond, D. E. J. 1979. New and old evidence for the involvement of a brain norepinephrine system in anxiety. In Phenomonology and Treatment of Anxiety, edited by
W. G. Fann, I. Karacan, A. D. Pokorny and R. L. Williams, 153-202. New York: Spectrum

Reichert, H. and A. Simeone. 1999. Conserved usage of gap and homeotic genes in patterning the CNS. Curr Opin Neurobiol 9:589-95.

Reiman, E. M., M. E. Raichle, F. K. Butler, P. Herscovitch and E. Robins. 1984. A focal brain abnormality in panic disorder, a severe form of anxiety. Nature 310:683-5.

Reiman, E. M., M. E. Raichle, E. Robins, M. A. Mintun, M. J. Fusselman, P. T. Fox, J. L. Price and K. A. Hackman. 1989. Neuroanatomical correlates of a
lactate-induced anxiety attack. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:493-500.

Reiss, D. and L. Marino. 2001. Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: a case of cognitive convergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5937-42.

Reith, J., C. Benkelfat, A. Sherwin, Y. Yasuhara, H. Kuwabara, F. Andermann, S. Bachneff, P. Cumming, M. Diksic, S. E. Dyve and et al. 1994. Elevated dopa
decarboxylase activity in living brain of patients with psychosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:11651-4.

Repa, J. C., J. Muller, J. Apergis, T. M. Desrochers, Y. Zhou and J. E. LeDoux 2001. Two different lateral amygdala cell populations contribute to the initiation and
storage of memory. Nat Neurosci 4: 724-31.

Rescorla, R. A. and R. L. Solomon. 1967. Two process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning. Psychol Rev 74:151-82.

Reynolds, J. H. and R. Desimone. 1999. The role of neural mechanisms of attention in solving the binding problem. Neuron 24:19-29, 111-25.

Richter. 1927. Animal behavior and internal drives. Q Rev Biol 2:307-43.

Ridley, M. 1999. Genome. New York: Harpercollins.

Robbins, T. W., M. Cador, J. R. Taylor and B. J. Everitt. 1989. Limbic-striatal interactions in reward-related processes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 13:155-62.

Robbins, T. W. 1996. Dissociating executive functions of the prefrontal cortex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 351:1463-70.

Robbins, T. W. 2000. Chemical neuromodulation of frontal-executive functions in humans and other animals. Exp Brain Res 133:130-8.

Roberts, G. W., P. N. Leigh and D. R. Weinberger. 1993. Neuropsychiatric Disorders. London: Wolfe.

Rochat, P. 1995. The Self in Infancy: Theory Research. New York: Elsevier.

Rodier, P. M. 2000. The early origins of autism. Sci Am 282:56-63.

Rodrigues, S. M., G. E. Schafe and J. E. LeDoux. 2001. Intra-amygdala blockade of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor disrupts the acquisition but not the
expression of fear conditioning. J Neurosci 21:6889-96.

Rogan, M. T. and J. E. LeDoux. 1995. LTP is accompanied by commensurate enhancement of auditory-evoked responses in a fear conditioning circuit. Neuron 15:127-36.

Rogan, M. T., U. V. Staubli and J. E. LeDoux. 1997. AMPA receptor facilitation accelerates fear learning without altering the level of conditioned fear acquired. J Neurosci
17:5928-35.

Rogan, M. T., U. V. Staubli and J. E. LeDoux. 1997. Fear conditioning induces associative long-term potentiation in the amygdala. Nature 390:604-7.

Rogers, R. D., A. M. Owen, H. C. Middleton, E. J. Williams, J. D. Pickard, B. J. Sahakian and T. W. Robbins. 1999. Choosing between small, likely rewards and large,
unlikely rewards activates inferior and orbital prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 19:9029-38.

Rolls, E. 1990. Principles underlying the representation and storage of information in neuronal networks in the primate hippocampus and cerebral cortex. In An
Introduction to Neural and Electronic Networks, edited by S. F. Zornetzer, J. L. Davis and C. Lau. San Diego: Academic Press.

Rolls, E. T. 1986. A theory of emotion, and its application to understanding the neural basis of emotion. In Emotions: Neural and Chemical Control, edited by Y. Oomur,
325-44. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press.

Rolls, E. T. 1992. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying face processing within and beyond the temporal cortical visual areas. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
335:11-20.

Rolls, E. T. 1999. The Brain and Emotion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Romanski, L. M. and J. E. LeDoux. 1992. Equipotentiality of thalamo-amygdala and thalamo-cortico-amygdala circuits in auditory fear conditioning. J Neurosci 12:4501-9.

Romanski, L. M., M. C. Clugnet, F. Bordi and J. E. LeDoux. 1993. Somatosensory and auditory convergence in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. Behav Neurosci
107:444-50.

Romanski, L. M., B. Tian, J. Fritz, M. Mishkin, P. S. Goldman-Rakic and J. P. Rauschecker. 1999. Dual streams of auditory afferents target multiple domains in the
primate prefrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2:1131-6.

Rorty, R. 1979. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Rose, H. and S. Rose. 2000. Alas, Poor Darwin. New York: Harmony Books.

Rosenblum, K., D. E. Berman, S. Hazvi, R. Lamprecht and Y. Dudai. 1997. NMDA receptor and the tyrosine phosphorylation of its 2B subunit in taste learning in the rat
insular cortex. J Neurosci 17:5129-35.

Roskies, A. L. 1999. The binding problem. Neuron 24:7-9, 111-25.

Ross, C. A. and A. Pam. 1995. Pseudoscience in Biological Psychiatry: Blaming the Body. New York: John Wiley.

Roth, P. 1986. The Counterlife. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux.

Routtenberg, A. 1999. Tagging the Hebb synapse. Trends Neurosci 22:255-6.

Rozental, R., C. Giaume and D. C. Spray. 2000. Gap junctions in the nervous system. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 32:11-5.

Rozin, P. 1976. The evolution of intelligence and access to the cognitive unconscious. In Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology, edited by J. M.
Sprague and A. N. Epstein. New York: Academic Press

Rudy, J. W. and R. J. Sutherland. 1992. Configural and Elemental Associations and the Memory Coherence Problem. J Cogn Neurosci 4:208-16.

Rudy, J. W. and R. C. O'Reilly. 1999. Contextual fear conditioning, conjunctive representations, pattern completion, and the hippocampus. Behav Neurosci 113:867-80.

Rush, A. J. 2000. The use of placebos in unipolar major depression: the current status. Biol Psychiatry 47:745-7.

Rushdie, S. February 4, 1990. In Independent on Sunday. London.

Russell, R. J., N. Murphy, T. C. Meyering and M. A. Arbib. 2000. Neuroscience and the Person: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action. Berkeley, CA: Vatican
Observatory Publications, Vatican City State, Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences.

Ryle, G. 1949. The Concept of Mind. New York: Barnes and Noble.

Sahley, C. L. 1995. What we have learned from the study of learning in the leech. J Neurobiol 27:434-45.

Sanchez, C. and E. Meier. 1997. Behavioral profiles of SSRIs in animal models of depression, anxiety and aggression. Are they all alike? Psychopharmacology (Berl)
129:197-205.

Sanders, S. K. and A. Shekhar. 1995. Regulation of anxiety by GABAA receptors in the rat amygdala. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 52:701-6.

Sanes, J. N. and J. P. Donoghue. 2000. Plasticity and primary motor cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 23:393-415.

Sanes, J. R. and J. W. Lichtman. 1999. Can molecules explain long-term potentiation? Nat Neurosci 2:597-604.

Sapolsky, R. M. 1996. Why stress is bad for your brain. Science 273:749-50.

Sapolsky, R. M. 1998. Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers. New York: Freeman.

Sapolsky, R. M. 1999. The physiology and pathophysiology of unhappiness. In Well Being, edited by D. Kahneman, E. Diener and N. Schwarz. New York: Russell Sage
Foundation

Sara, S. J. 2000. Retrieval and reconsolidation: toward a neurobiology of remembering. Learn Mem 7:73-84.

Sarter, M. F. and H. J. Markowitsch. 1985. Involvement of the amygdala in learning and memory: a critical review, with emphasis on anatomical relations. Behav Neurosci
99:342-80.

Sass, L. A. 1992. The epic of disbelief: The postmodernist turn in contemporary psychoanalysis. In Psychology and Postmodernism, edited by S. Kvale, 166-82. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage

Sawaguchi, T., M. Matsumura and K. Kubota. 1988. Dopamine enhances the neuronal activity of spatial short-term memory task in the primate prefrontal cortex. Neurosci
Res 5:465-73.

Sawaguchi, T., M. Matsumura and K. Kubota. 1990. Catecholaminergic effects on neuronal activity related to a delayed response task in monkey prefrontal cortex. J
Neurophysiol 63:1385-400.

Sawaguchi, T. and P. S. Goldman-Rakic. 1991. D1 dopamine receptors in prefrontal cortex: involvement in working memory. Science 251:947-50.

Sawaguchi, T. and P. S. Goldman-Rakic. 1994. The role of D1-dopamine receptor in working memory: local injections of dopamine antagonists into the prefrontal cortex
of rhesus monkeys performing an oculomotor delayed-response task. J Neurophysiol 71:515-28.

Schacter, D. 1982. Stranger Behind the Engram. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schacter, D. L. and P. Graf. 1986. Effects of Elaborative Processing on Implicit and Explicit Memory for New Associations. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 12:432-44.

Schacter, D. L. 1987. Implicit memory: History and current status. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 13:501-18.

Schacter, D. L., R. L. Buckner and W. Koutstaal. 1998. Memory, consciousness and neuroimaging. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 353:1861-78.

Schacter, D. L. 1999. The seven sins of memory. Insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Am Psychol 54:182-203.

Schacter, D. L. 2001. The Seven Sins of Memory. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.

Schacter, S. and J. E. Singer. 1962. Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychol Rev 69:379-99.

Schacter, S. 1975. Cognition and centralist peripheralist controversies in motivation and emotion. In Handbook of Physiology, edited by M. S. Gazzaniga and C. B.
Blakemore, 529-63. New York: Academic Press.

Schafe, G. E., T. E. Thiele and I. L. Bernstein. 1998. Conditioning method dramatically alters the role of amygdala in taste aversion learning. Learn Mem 5:481-92.

Schafe, G. E., N. V. Nadel, G. M. Sullivan, A. Harris and J. E. LeDoux. 1999. Memory consolidation for contextual and auditory fear conditioning is dependent on protein
synthesis, PKA, and MAP kinase. Learn Mem 6:97-110.

Schafe, G. E., C. M. Atkins, M. W. Swank, E. P. Bauer, J. D. Sweatt and J. E. LeDoux. 2000. Activation of ERK/MAP kinase in the amygdala is required for memory
consolidation of pavlovian fear conditioning. J Neurosci 20:8177-87.

Schafe, G. E. and J. LeDoux. 2000. Memory consolidation of auditory Pavlovian fear conditioning requires protein synthesis and PKA in the amygdala. J Neurosci 20:1-5
(RC96).

Schafe, G. E., K. Nader, H. T. Blair and J. E. LeDoux. 2001. Memory consolidation of Pavlovian fear conditioning: A cellular and molecular perspective. Trends Neurosci
24:540-6.

Schatzberg, A. F. and H. C. Kraemer. 2000. Use of placebo control groups in evaluating efficacy of treatment of unipolar major depression. Biol Psychiatry 47:736-44.

Scheel-Kruger, J. and E. N. Petersen. 1982. Anticonflict effect of the benzodiazepines mediated by a GABAergic mechanism in the amygdala. Eur J Pharmacol 82:115-6.

Scherer, K. 2000. Emotions as episodes of subsystem synchronization driven by nonlinear appraisal processes. In Emotion, Development, and Self-Organization: Dynamic
Systems Approaches to Emotional Development, edited by M. Lewis and I. Granic, 70-99. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Scherer, K. R. 1988. Criteria for emotion-antecedent appraisal: A review. In Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion and Motivation, edited by V. Hamilton, G. H. Bower and N.
H. Frijda, 89-126. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Scherer, K. R. 1993. Studying the emotion-antecedent appraisal process: an expert system approach. Cogn Emot 7:325-55.

Schlaggar, B. L. and D. D. O'Leary. 1991. Potential of visual cortex to develop an array of functional units unique to somatosensory cortex. Science 252:1556-60.

Schmajuk, N. A. and J. J. DiCarlo. 1992. Stimulus configuration, classical conditioning, and hippocampal function. Psychol Rev 99:268-305.

Schneider, F., U. Weiss, C. Kessler, H. W. Muller-Gartner, S. Posse, J. B. Salloum, W. Grodd, F. Himmelmann, W. Gaebel and N. Birbaumer. 1999. Subcortical correlates
of differential classical conditioning of aversive emotional reactions in social phobia. Biol Psychiatry 45:863-71.

Schneiderman, N., J. Francis, L. D. Sampson and J. S. Schwaber. 1974. CNS integration of learned cardiovascular behavior. In Limbic and Autonomic Nervous System
Research, edited by L. V. DiCara, 277-309. New York: Plenum.

Schore, A. N. 1994. Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.

Schulkin, J. 1999. The Neuroendocrine Regulation of Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Schultz, W., P. Dayan and P. R. Montague. 1997. A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 275:1593-9.

Schultz, W. 1998. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J Neurophysiol 80:1-27.

Schultz, W. and A. Dickinson. 2000. Neuronal coding of prediction errors. Annu Rev Neurosci 23:473-500.

Schuman, E. M. 1999. Neurotrophin regulation of synaptic transmission. Curr Opin Neurobiol 9:105-9.

Schuster, C. S. and S. S. Ashburn. 1992. The Process of Human Development. Philadelphia: Lippencott.

Schwartz, C. E., N. Snidman and J. Kagan. 1999. Adolescent social anxiety as an outcome of inhibited temperament in childhood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
38:1008-15.

Schwarz, N. and F. Strack. 1999. Reports of subjective well being: judgemental processes and their methodological implications. In Well-Being, edited by D. Kahneman, E.
Diener and N. Schwarz. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Scott, S. K., A. W. Young, A. J. Calder, D. J. Hellawell, J. P. Aggleton and M. Johnson. 1997. Impaired auditory recognition of fear and anger following bilateral amygdala
lesions. Nature 385:254-7.

Scoville, W. B. and B. Milner. 1957. Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J Neurol Psychiatry 20:11-21.

Searle, J. R. 1992. The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Searle, J. R. 2000. Consciousness. Annu Rev Neurosci 23:557-78.

Sedvall, G. and L. Farde. 1996. Dopamine receptors in schizophrenia. Lancet 347:264.

Seeman, P., M. Chau-Wong, J. Tedesco and K. Wong. 1975. Brain receptors for antipsychotic drugs and dopamine: direct binding assays. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
72:4376-80.

Seeman, P. 1992. Dopamine receptor sequences. Therapeutic levels of neuroleptics occupy D2 receptors, clozapine occupies D4. Neuropsychopharmacology 7:261-84.

Seeman, P. and S. Kapur. 2000. Schizophrenia: more dopamine, more D2 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:7673-5.

Selden, N. R., B. J. Everitt, L. E. Jarrard and T. W. Robbins. 1991. Complementary roles for the amygdala and hippocampus in aversive conditioning to explicit and
contextual cues. Neuroscience 42:335-50.

Selemon, L. D., G. Rajkowska and P. S. Goldman-Rakic. 1995. Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex. A morphometric analysis of prefrontal area
9 and occipital area 17. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:805-18.

Selemon, L. D. and P. S. Goldman-Rakic. 1999. The reduced neuropil hypothesis: a circuit based model of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 45:17-25.

Seligman, M. E. P. 1971. Phobias and Preparedness. Behav Ther 2:307-20.

Selkoe, D. and K. Kosik. 1983. Neurochemical changes with aging. In The Clinical Neurology of Aging, edited by M. Albert. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Semon, R. 1904. die Mneme als erhaltendes Prinzip im Wechsel des organischen Geschehens. Leipzieg: Wilhelm Engelmann.

Shadlen, M. N. and W. T. Newsome. 1994. Noise, neural codes and cortical organization. Curr Opin Neurobiol 4:569-79.

Shadlen, M. N., K. H. Britten, W. T. Newsome and J. A. Movshon. 1996. A computational analysis of the relationship between neuronal and behavioral responses to visual
motion. J Neurosci 16:1486-510.

Shadlen, M. N. and J. A. Movshon. 1999. Synchrony unbound: a critical evaluation of the temporal binding hypothesis. Neuron 24:67-77, 111-25.

Shakespeare, W. 1542-1544. The Comedy of Errors. Act 1, scene 1, line 47.

Shalev, A. Y., Y. Ragel-Fuchs and R. K. Pitman. 1992. Conditioned fear and psychological trauma. Biol Psychiatry 31:863-5.

Shallice, T. 1988. Information processing models of consiousness. In Consciousness in Contemporary Science, edited by A. Marcel and E. Bisiach, 305-33. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.

Shapiro, M. L. and Z. Caramanos. 1990. NMDA antagonist MK-801 impairs acquisistion but not performance of spatial working and reference memory. Psychobiology
18:231-43.

Shatz, C. J. 1992. Dividing up the neocortex. Science 258:237-8.

Shatz, C. J. 1996. Emergence of order in visual system development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:602-8.

Sheffield, F. D. and T. B. Roby. 1950. Reward value of a non-nutritive sweet taste. J Comp Physiol Psychol 43:471-81.

Sheline, Y. I., P. W. Wang, M. H. Gado, J. C. Csernansky and M. W. Vannier. 1996. Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
93:3908-13.

Sheline, Y. I., M. H. Gado and J. L. Price. 1998. Amygdala core nuclei volumes are decreased in recurrent major depression. Neuroreport 9:2023-8.

Shelton, R. C., C. N. Karson, A. R. Doran, D. Pickar, L. B. Bigelow and D. R. Weinberger. 1988. Cerebral structural pathology in schizophrenia: evidence for a selective
prefrontal cortical defect. Am J Psychiatry 145:154-63.

Shepherd, G. 1988. Neurobiology. New York: Oxford.

Shepherd, G. 1998. The Synaptic Organization of the Brain. New York: Oxford University Press.

Sherrington, C. S. 1897. The central nervous system. In A Textbook of Physiology, 7th ed., edited by M. Foster. London: Macmillan.

Sherrington, C. S. 1906. The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Shevrin, H. and S. Dickman. 1980. The psychological unconscious: a necessary assumption for all psychological theory? Am Psychol 35:421-34.

Shevrin, H., W. J. Williams, R. E. Marshall, R. K. Hertel, J. A. Bond and L. A. Brakel. 1992. Event-related potential indicators of the dynamic unconscious. Conscious
Cogn 1:340-66.

Shi, S. H., Y. Hayashi, R. S. Petralia, S. H. Zaman, R. J. Wenthold, K. Svoboda and R. Malinow. 1999. Rapid spine delivery and redistribution of AMPA receptors after
synaptic NMDA receptor activation. Science 284:1811-6.

Shibata, S., K. Yamashita, E. Yamamoto, T. Ozaki and S. Ueki. 1989. Effects of benzodiazepine and GABA antagonists on anticonflict effects of antianxiety drugs injected
into the rat amygdala in a water-lick suppression test. Psychopharmacology 98:38-44.

Shimamura, A. 1995. Memory and frontal lobe function. In The Cognitive Neurosciences, edited by M. S. Gazzaniga. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Shin, L. M., S. M. Kosslyn, R. J. McNally, N. M. Alpert, W. L. Thompson, S. L. Rauch, M. L. Macklin and R. K. Pitman. 1997. Visual imagery and perception in
posttraumatic stress disorder. A positron emission tomographic investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:233-41.

Shin, L. M., R. J. McNally, S. M. Kosslyn, W. L. Thompson, S. L. Rauch, N. M. Alpert, L. J. Metzger, N. B. Lasko, S. P. Orr and R. K. Pitman. 1999. Regional cerebral
blood flow during script-driven imagery in childhood sexual abuse-related PTSD: A PET investigation. Am J Psychiatry 156:575-84.

Shizgall, P. 1999. On the neural computation of utility: implications from studies of brain stimulation reward. In Well-Being, edited by D. Kahneman, E. Diener and N.
Schwarz. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Shors, T. J., T. B. Seib, S. Levine and R. F. Thompson. 1989. Inescapable versus escapable shock modulates long-term potentiation in the rat hippocampus. Science
244:224-6.

Shors, T. J. and E. Dryver. 1992. Stress impedes exploration and the acquisition of spatial information in the eight-arm radial maze. Psychobiology 20:247-53.

Shors, T. J., C. Weiss and R. F. Thompson. 1992. Stress-induced facilitation of classical conditioning. Science 257:537-9.

Shors, T. J. and L. D. Matzel. 1997. Long-term potentiation: What's learning got to do with it? Behav Brain Sci 20:597-613.

Siegel, A. and H. Edinger. 1981. Neural control of aggression and rage behavior. In Handbook of the Hypothalamus, Vol. 3, Behavioral Studies of the Hypothalamus, edited
by P. J. Morgane and J. Panksepp, 203-40. New York: Marcel Dekker.

Silbersweig, D. A., E. Stern, C. Frith, C. Cahill, A. Holmes, S. Grootoonk, J. Seaward, P. McKenna, S. E. Chua, L. Schnorr and et al. 1995. A functional neuroanatomy of
hallucinations in schizophrenia. Nature 378:176-9.

Silva, A. J., C. F. Stevens, S. Tonegawa and Y. Wang. 1992. Deficient hippocampal long-term potentiation in alpha-calcium-calmodulin kinase II mutant mice. Science
257:201-6.

Silva, A. J., A. M. Smith and K. P. Giese. 1997. Gene targeting and the biology of learning and memory. Annu Rev Genet 31:527-46.

Silva, A. J., J. H. Kogan, P. W. Frankland and S. Kida. 1998. CREB and memory. Annu Rev Neurosci 21:127-48.

Singer, W. 1998. Consciousness and the structure of neuronal representations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 353:1829-40.

Singer, W. 1999. Time as coding space? Curr Opin Neurobiol 9:189-94.

Singer, W. 2001. Consciousness and the binding problem. Ann NY Acad Sci 929:123-46.

Singh, T. D., M. E. Basham, E. J. Nordeen and K. W. Nordeen. 2000. Early sensory and hormonal experience modulate age-related changes in NR2B mRNA within a
forebrain region controlling avian vocal learning. J Neurobiol 44:82-94.

Skinner, B. F. 1938. The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Skinner, B. F. 1953. Science and Human Behavior. New York: Free Press.

Skinner, B. F. 1972. Beyond Freedom and Dignity. New York: Knopf.

Smith, C. A. and P. C. Ellsworth. 1985. Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. J Pers Soc Psychol 56:339-53.

Smith, C. A. and R. S. Lazarus. 1990. Emotion and Adaptation. In Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, edited by L. A. Pervin, 609-37. New York: Guilford.

Smith, E. E. and J. Jonides. 1999. Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science 283:1657-61.

Smith, Y., J. F. Pare and D. Pare 2000. Differential innervation of parvalbumin-immunoreactive interneurons of the basolateral amygdaloid complex by cortical and intrinsic
inputs. J Comp Neurol 416: 496-508.

Snell, B. 1960. The Discovery of the Mind: The Greeks Origins of European Thought. New York: Harper & Row.

Soares, J. J. F. and A. Öhman. 1993. Backward masking and skin conductance responses after conditioning to nonfeared but fear-relevant stimuli in fearful subjects.
Psychophysiology 30:460-6.

Soderling, T. R. 1996. Modulation of glutamate receptors by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Neurochem Int 28:359-61.

Solomon, R. L. and L. C. Wynne. 1954. Traumatic avoidance learning: The principles of anxiety conservation and partial irreversibility. Psychol Rev 61:353.

Sorabji, P. 2001. Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Spanagel, R. and F. Weiss. 1999. The dopamine hypothesis of reward: past and current status. Trends Neurosci 22:521-7.

Spelke, E. 1994. Initial knowledge: six suggestions. Cognition 50:431-45.

Spencer, H. 1866. Principles of Biology. New York: D. Appleton and Company.

Sperry, R. and N. Miner. 1955. Pattern perception following insertion of mica plates into the visual cortex. J Comp Physiol Psychol 48:50-8.

Sperry, R. 1966. Mind, Brain, and Humanist Values. In New Views on the Nature of Man, edited by J. R. Platt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Sperry, R. 1984. Consciousness, personal identity and the divided brain. Neuropsychologia 22:661-73.

Squire, L. 1987. Memory and the Brain. New York: Oxford.

Squire, L. R. 1987. Memory: Neural organization and behavior. In Handbook of Physiology, Section 1: The Nervous System. Vol. V. Higher Functions of the Brain, edited
by F. Plum, 295-371. Bethesda: American Physiological Society.

Squire, L. R. 1992. Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychol Rev 99:195-231.

Squire, L. R., B. Knowlton and G. Musen. 1993. The structure and organization of memory. Annu Rev Psychol 44:453-95.

Squire, L. R. and S. M. Zola. 1996. Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:13515-22.

Squire, L. R. and S. M. Zola. 1998. Episodic memory, semantic memory, and amnesia. Hippocampus 8:205-11.

Squire, L. R. and E. R. Kandel. 1999. Memory: From Mind to Molecules. New York: Scientific American Library.

Starkman, M. N., S. S. Gebarski, S. Berent and D. E. Schteingart. 1992. Hippocampal formation volume, memory dysfunction, and cortisol levels in patients with
Cushing's syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 32:756-65.

Starkman, M. N., B. Giordani, S. S. Gebarski, S. Berent, M. A. Schork and D. E. Schteingart. 1999. Decrease in cortisol reverses human hippocampal atrophy following
treatment of Cushing's disease. Biol Psychiatry 46:1595-602.

Staubli, U., O. Thibault, M. DiLorenzo and G. Lynch. 1989. Antagonism of NMDA receptors impairs acquisition but not retention of olfactory memory. Behav Neurosci
103:54-60.

Staubli, U., J. Larson and G. Lynch. 1990. Mossy fiber potentiation and long-term potentiation involve different expression mechanisms. Synapse 5:333-5.

Staubli, U., G. Rogers and G. Lynch. 1994. Facilitation of glutamate receptors enhances memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:777-81.

Staubli, U. V. 1995. Parallel properties of long-term potentiation and memory. In Brain and Memory: Modulation and Mediation of Neuroplasticity, edited by J. L.
McGaugh, N. M. Weinberger and G. Lynch, 303-18. New York: Oxford University Press.

Stebbins, W. C. and O. A. Smith. 1964. Cardiovascular concomitants of the conditioned emotional response in monkey. Science 144:881-3.

Stein, L., C. D. Wise and B. D. Berger. 1973. Anti-anxiety action of benzodiazepines: decrease in activity of serotonin neurons in the punishment system. In The
Benzodiazepines, edited by S. Garattini, E. Mussini and L. O. Randall, 299-326. New York: Raven Press.

Steiner, J. E. 1973. The gustofacial response: observation on normal and anencephalic newborn infants. Symp Oral Sens Percept 4:254-78.

Steinmetz, J. E. and R. F. Thompson. 1991. Brain Substrates of Aversive Classical Conditioning. In Neurobiology of Learning, Emotion and Affect, edited by J. I. Madden,
97-120. New York: Raven Press, Ltd.

Stellar, E. 1954. The physiology of motivation. Psychol Rev 61:5-22.

Stent, G. S. 1973. A physiological mechanism for Hebb's postulate of learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:997-1001.

Stern, E. and D. Silbersweig. 1998. Neural Mechanisms Underlying Hallucinations in Schizophrenia: The Role of Abnormal Fronto-Temporal Interactions. In The
Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia: an Experimental Psychopathology Perspective, edited by M. F. Lenzenweger and R. H. Dworkin, 235-46. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.

Sternberg, R. J. and M. I. Barnes. 1988. The Psychology of Love. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Stevens, A. A., P. S. Goldman-Rakic, J. C. Gore, R. K. Fulbright and B. E. Wexler. 1998. Cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia during auditory word and tone working
memory demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:1097-103.

Stevens, C. F. 1998. A million dollar question: does LTP=memory? Neuron 20:1-2.

Steward, O. and E. M. Schuman. 2001. Protein synthesis at synaptic sites on dendrites. Annu Rev Neurosci 24:299-325.

Stewart, R. S., M. D. Devous, Sr., A. J. Rush, L. Lane and F. J. Bonte. 1988. Cerebral blood flow changes during sodium-lactate-induced panic attacks. Am J Psychiatry
145:442-9.

Stoerig, P. 1996. Varieties of vision: from blind responses to conscious recognition. Trends Neurosci 19:401-6.

Stone, A. A., S. S. Shiffman and M. W. DeVries. 1999. Ecological Momentary Assessment. In Well-Being, edited by D. Kahneman, E. Diener and N. Schwarz. New York:
Russell Sage Foundation.

Strauss, C. and N. Quinn. 1997. A Cognitive Theory of Cultural Meaning. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Strawson, P. 1959. Persons. In Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics. London: Methuen.

Stryker, M. 1991. Activity-dependent reorganization of afferents in the developing mammalian visual system. In Development of the Visual System, edited by D. Lam and
C. Shatz. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Stryker, M. P. and W. A. Harris. 1986. Binocular impulse blockade prevents the formation of ocular dominance columns in cat visual cortex. J Neurosci 6:2117-33.

Stuss, D. T. and D. F. Benson. 1986. The Frontal Lobes. New York: Raven Press.

Stuss, D. T. 1991. Self, awareness, and the frontal lobes: A neuropsychological perspective. In The Self: Interdisciplinary Approaches, edited by J. Strauss and G. R.
Goethals. New York: Springer.

Stutzmann, G. E., B. S. McEwen and J. E. LeDoux. 1998. Serotonin modulation of sensory inputs to the lateral amygdala: dependency on corticosterone. J Neurosci
18:9529-38.

Stutzmann, G. E. and J. E. LeDoux. 1999. GABAergic antagonists block the inhibitory effects of serotonin in the lateral amygdala: a mechanism for modulation of sensory
inputs related to fear conditioning. J Neurosci (Online) 19:RC8.

Suga, N. 1990. Biosonar and neural computation in bats. Sci Am 262:60-8.

Suzuki, W. A. and D. G. Amaral. 1994. Perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices of the macaque monkey: cortical afferents. J Comp Neurol 350:497-533.

Swanson, L. W. 1983. The hippocampus and the concept of the limbic system. In Neurobiology of the Hippocampus, edited by W. Seifert, 3-19. London: Academic
Press.

Sweatt, J. D. 1999. Toward a molecular explanation for long-term potentiation. Learn Mem 6:399-416.

Szentagothai, J. 1984. Downward causation? Annu Rev Neurosci 7:1-11.

Szinyei, C., T. Heinbockel, J. Montagne and H. C. Pape. 2000. Putative cortical and thalamic inputs elicit convergent excitation in a population of GABAergic interneurons
of the lateral amygdala. J Neurosci 20:8909-15.

Talbot, M. 2000. The placebo prescription. In New York Times Magazine, June 9, 2000.

Tallal, P., M. M. Merzenich, S. Miller and W. Jenkins. 1998. Language learning impairments: integrating basic science, technology, and remediation. Exp Brain Res
123:210-9.

Tallal, P. 2000. The science of literacy: from the laboratory to the classroom. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:2402-4.

Tamminga, C. A. 1991. In Advances in Neuropsychiatry and Psychopharmacology, vol. 1 Schizophrenia Research, edited by C. A. Tamminga and S. C. Schulz, 99-109.
New York: Raven Press.

Tang, Y. P., E. Shimizu, G. R. Dube, C. Rampon, G. A. Kerchner, M. Zhuo, G. Liu and J. Z. Tsien. 1999. Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice. Nature
401:63-9.

Taylor, C. B. 1998. Treatment of Anxiety disorders. In Textbook of Psychopharmacology, 2nd ed., edited by A. F. Schatzberg and C. B. Nemeroff. Washington, DC:
American Psychiatric Press, Inc.

Tellegen, A., D. T. Lykken, T. J. Bouchard, Jr., K. J. Wilcox, N. L. Segal and S. Rich. 1988. Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. J Pers Soc Psychol
54:1031-9.

Terman, J. R. and A. L. Kolodkin. 1999. Attracted or repelled? Look within. Neuron 23:193-5.

Terrace, H. 1984. Animal learning, ethology, and biological constraints. In The Biology of Learning, edited by P. Marler and H. S. Terrace, 15-45. Berlin: Springer Verlag.

Teuber, H. L. 1964. The riddle of frontal lobe function in man. In The Frontal Granular Cortex and Behavior, edited by J. M. Warren and K. Akert. New York: McGraw
Hill.

Teyler, T. and P. DiScenna. 1987. Long-term potentiation. Annu Rev Neurosci 10:131-61.

Teyler, T. 1992. Long-Term Potentiation and Memory. In Neuroscience Year: Supplement 2 to the Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, edited by B. Smith and G. Adelman,
91-3. Cambridge: Brikhauser Boston.

Thiebot, M. H., A. Jobert and P. Soubrie. 1980. Conditioned suppression of behavior: its reversal by intra raphe microinjection of chlordiazepoxide and GABA. Neurosci
Lett 16:213-7.

Thierry, A. M., T. M. Jay, S. Pirot, J. Mantz, R. Godbout and J. Glowinski. 1993. Influences of afferent systems on the activity of the rat prefrontal cortex:
electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization. In Motor and Cognitive Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex, edited by A. M. Thierry, J. Glowinski, P.
Goldman-Rakic and Y. Christen. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Thompson, R. F. and W. A. Spencer. 1966. Habituation: a model phenomenon for the study of neuronal substrates of behavior. Psychol Rev 73:16-43.

Thompson, R. F., D. A. McCormick, D. G. Lavond, G. A. Clark, R. E. Kettner and M. D. Mauk. 1983. The Engram Found? Initial localization of the memory trace for a
basic form of associative learning. Prog Psychobiol Physiol Psychol 10:167-96.

Thompson, R. F. 1986. The neurobiology of learning and memory. Science 233:941-7.

Thompson, R. F. and J. J. Kim. 1996. Memory systems in the brain and localization of a memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:13438-44.

Thorndike, E. L. 1898. Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals. Psychol Monogr 2:109.

Thorndike, E. L. 1913. The Psychology of Learning. New York: Teachers College.

Thorpe, W. H. 1963. Learning and Instinct in Animals. London: Methuen.

Tinbergen, N. 1951. The Study of Instinct. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Toates, F. M. 1986. Motivational Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tomita, H., M. Ohbayashi, K. Nakahara, I. Hasegawa and Y. Miyashita. 1999. Top-down signal from prefrontal cortex in executive control of memory retrieval. Nature
401:699-703.

Tomkins, S. S. 1962. Affect, Imagery, Consciousness. New York: Springer.

Toni, N., P.-A. Buchs, I. Nikonenko, C. R. Bron and D. Muller. 1999. LTP promotes formation of multiple spine synapses between a single axon terminal and a dendrite.
Nature 402:421-5.

Tononi, G. and G. M. Edelman. 1998. Consciousness and complexity. Science 282:1846-51.

Tooby, J. and L. Cosmides. 2000. Toward mapping the evolved organization of mind and brain. In The New Cognitive Neurosciences, edited by M. S. Gazzaniga.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Tootell, R. B., J. B. Reppas, A. M. Dale, R. B. Look, M. I. Sereno, R. Malach, T. J. Brady and B. R. Rosen. 1995. Visual motion aftereffect in human cortical area MT
revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nature 375:139-41.

Treisman, A. 1996. The binding problem. Curr Opin Neurobiol 6:171-8.

Treit, D., C. Pesold and S. Rotzinger. 1993. Dissociating the anti-fear effects of septal and amygdaloid lesions using two pharmacologically validated models of rat anxiety.
Behav Neurosci 107:770-85.

Treit, D. and J. Menard. 1997. Dissociations among the anxiolytic effects of septal, hippocampal, and amygdaloid lesions. Behav Neurosci 111:653-8.

Trowill, J. A., J. Panksepp and R. Gandelman. 1969. An incentive model of rewarding brain stimulation. Psychol Rev 76:264-81.

Tsien, J. Z., P. T. Huerta and S. Tonegawa. 1996. The essential role of hippocampal CA1 NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in spatial memory. Cell
87:1327-38.

Tsien, J. Z. 2000. Linking Hebb's coincidence-detection to memory formation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 10:266-73.

Tully, T. and W. G. Quinn. 1985. Classical conditioning and retention in normal and mutant Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Physiol [A] 157:263-77.

Tulving, E. 1983. Elements of Episodic Memory. New York: Oxford.

Ungerleider, L. G. and M. Mishkin. 1982. Two Cortical Visual Systems. In Analysis of Visual Behavior, edited by D. J. Ingle, M. A. Goodale and R. J. W. Mansfield,
549-86. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Ungerleider, L. G. and J. Haxby. 1994. What and where in the human brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol 4:157-65.

Uvnas-Moberg, K. 1998. Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23:819-35.

Valenstein, E. 1970. Stability and plasticity of motivational systems. In The Neurosciences: Second Study Program, edited by F. O. Schmitt, 207-17. New York:
Rockefeller University Press.

Valenstein, E. 1999. Blaming the Brain. New York: Free Press.

Van Essen, D. C. 1985. Functional Organization of Primate Visual Cortex. In Cerebral Cortex, edited by A. Peters and E. G. Jones. New York: Plenum.

Van Essen, D. C., C. H. Anderson and D. J. Felleman. 1992. Information processing in the primate visual system: an integrated systems perspective. Science 255:419-23.

Van Essen, D. C. 1995. Behind the optic nerve: an inside view of the primate visual system. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 93:123-33.

Van Hoesen, G. and D. N. Pandya. 1975. Some connections of the entorhinal (area 28) and perirhinal (area 35) cortices of the rhesus monkey. I. Temporal lobe afferents.
Brain Res 95:1-24.

Van Roussum, M. 1967. The significance of dopamine receptor blockade for the action of neuroleptic drugs. In Proceedings of the Fifth Collegium Internationale
Neuropharmacologicum, edited by H. Brill, 321-29. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation.

Vargha-Khadem, F., D. G. Gadian, K. E. Watkins, A. Connelly, W. Van Paesschen and M. Mishkin. 1997. Differential effects of early hippocampal pathology on episodic
and semantic memory. Science 277:376-80.

Veinante, P. and M. J. Freund-Mercier. 1995. Histoautoradiographic detection of oxytocin- and vasopressin-binding sites in the amygdala of the rat. Adv Exp Med Biol
395:347-8.

Veinante, P. and M. J. Freund-Mercier. 1997. Distribution of oxytocin- and vasopressin-binding sites in the rat extended amygdala: a histoautoradiographic study. J Comp
Neurol 383:305-25.

Vendrell, P., C. Junque, J. Pujol, M. A. Jurado, J. Molet and J. Grafman. 1995. The role of prefrontal regions in the Stroop task. Neuropsychologia 33:341-52.

Vicari, S., A. Albertoni, A. M. Chilosi, P. Cipriani, G. Cioni and E. Bates. 2000. Plasticity and reorganization during language development in children with early brain
injury. Cortex 36:31-46.

von der Malsburg, C. 1995. Binding in models of perception and brain function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 5:520-6.

von Holst, E. and U. von Saint-Paul. 1962. Electrically controlled behavior. Sci Am 206:50-9.

Wagner, A. D. 1999. Working memory contributions to human learning and remembering. Neuron 22:19-22.

Wagner, A. R. and S. E. Brandon. 1989. Evolution of a Structured Connectionist Model of Pavlovian Conditioning (AESOP). In Contemporary Learning Theories:
Pavlovian Conditioning and the Status of Traditional Learning Theory, edited by S. B. Klein and R. R. Mowrer, 149-89. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Walker, D. L. and M. Davis. 2000. Involvement of NMDA receptors within the amygdala in short- versus long- term memory for fear conditioning as assessed with
fear-potentiated startle. Behav Neurosci 114:1019-33.

Walter, G. 1953. The Living Brain. New York: Norton.

Warrington, E. and L. Weiskrantz. 1973. The effect of prior learning on subsequent retention in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 20:233-48.

Watson, J. B. 1913. Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It. Psychol Rev 20:158-77.

Watson, J. B. 1925. Behaviorism. New York: W. W. Norton.

Watson, J. 1938. Behaviorism. In The Behavior of Organisms, edited by B. F. Skinner. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Watt, D. F. 1998. Affect and the limbic system: some hard problems. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 10:113-6.

Weinberger, D. R., L. B. Bigelow, J. E. Kleinman, S. T. Klein, J. E. Rosenblatt and R. J. Wyatt. 1980. Cerebral ventricular enlargement in chronic schizophrenia. An
association with poor response to treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37:11-3.

Weinberger, D. R., K. F. Berman and R. F. Zec. 1986. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 43:114-24.

Weinberger, D. R., K. F. Berman, R. Suddath and E. F. Torrey. 1992. Evidence of dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance
imaging and regional cerebral blood flow study of discordant monozygotic twins. Am J Psychiatry 149:890-7.

Weinberger, D. R. and B. Gallhofer. 1997. Cognitive function in schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 12 Suppl 4:S29-36.

Weinberger, J. and D. C. McClelland. 1990. Cognitive versus traditional motivational models: irreconcilable differences or complimentary? In Handbook of Motivation and
Cognition, edited by E. T. Higgins and R. M. Sorrentino. New York: Guilford.

Weinberger, N. M. 1995. Retuning the brain by fear conditioning. In The Cognitive Neurosciences, edited by M. S. Gazzaniga, 1071-90. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Weinberger, N. M. 1998. Physiological memory in primary auditory cortex: characteristics and mechanisms. Neurobiol Learn Mem 70:226-51.

Weiner, B. 1989. Human Motivation. Hillsdale: Lawrence Earlbaum.

Weiskrantz, L. 1956. Behavioral changes associated with ablation of the amygdaloid complex in monkeys. J Comp Physiol Psych 49:381-91.

Weiskrantz, L. and E. Warrington. 1979. Conditioning in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 17:187-94.

Weiskrantz, L. 1996. Blindsight revisited. Curr Opin Neurobiol 6:215-20.

Weisskopf, M. G. and R. A. Nicoll. 1995. Presynaptic changes during mossy fibre LTP revealed by NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses. Nature 376:256-9.

Weisskopf, M. G., E. P. Bauer and J. E. LeDoux. 1999. L-Type voltage-gated calcium channels mediate NMDA-independent associative long-term potentiation at thalamic
input synapses to the amygdala. J Neurosci 19:10512-9.

Weisskopf, M. G. and J. E. LeDoux. 1999. Distinct populations of NMDA receptors at subcortical and cortical inputs to principal cells of the lateral amygdala. J
Neurophysiol 81:930-4.

Wexler, K. 1999. Innateness of language. In Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, 408-9. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Whalen, P. J., S. L. Rauch, N. L. Etcoff, S. C. McInerney, M. B. Lee and M. A. Jenike. 1998. Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala
activity without explicit knowledge. J Neurosci 18:411-8.

White, N. M. 1997. Mnemonic functions of the basal ganglia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 7:164-9.

Wicklegren, W. A. 1979. Chunking and consolidation: a theoretic synthesis of semantic networks, configuring, S-R versus cognitive learning, normal forgetting, the
amnesic syndrome, and the hippocampal arousal system. Psychol Rev 86:44-60.

Wigström, H., B. Gustafsson, Y. Y. Huang and W. C. Abraham. 1986. Hippocampal long-term potentiation is induced by pairing single afferent volleys with intracellularly
injected depolarizing current pulses. Acta Physiol Scand 126:317-9.

Wik, G., M. Fredrikson and H. Fischer. 1996. Cerebral correlates of anticipated fear: a PET study of specific phobia. Int J Neurosci 87:267-76.

Wilde, O. 1891. The Picture of Dorian Gray. London: Ward, Lock and Company.

Wilensky, A. E., G. E. Schafe and J. E. LeDoux. 1999. Functional inactivation of the amygdala before but not after auditory fear conditioning prevents memory formation.
J Neurosci 19:RC48.

Wilensky, A. E., G. E. Schafe and J. E. LeDoux 2000. The amygdala modulates memory consolidation of fear-motivated inhibitory avoidance learning but not classical fear
conditioning. J Neurosci 20: 7059-66.

Willner, P. 1995. Animal models of depression: validity and applications. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 49:19-41.

Wilson, E. O. 1999. Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Random House.

Wilson, F. A., S. P. Scalaidhe and P. S. Goldman-Rakic. 1993. Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex. Science 260:1955-8.

Wilson, M. A. and B. L. McNaughton. 1993. Dynamics of the hippocampal ensemble code for space. Science 261:1055-8.

Wilson, M. A. and B. L. McNaughton. 1994. Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. Science 265:676-9.

Wilson, T. D., S. Lindsey and T. Y. Schooler. 2000. A model of dual attitudes. Psychol Rev 107:101-26.

Wilson, T. D. in press. Strangers to Ourselves: Self-insight and the Adaptive Unconscious. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Wimbauer, S., O. G. Wenisch, K. D. Miller and J. L. van Hemmen. 1997. Development of spatiotemporal receptive fields of simple cells: I. Model formulation. Biol Cybern
77:453-61.

Wimer, R. E. and C. C. Wimer. 1985. Animal behavior genetics: a search for the biological foundations of behavior. Annu Rev Psychol 36:171-218.

Winson, J. 1985. Brain and Psyche: The Biology of the Unconscious. Garden City, NY: Anchor/Doubleday.

Wise, R. A. 1982. Neuroleptics and Operant Behavior: The Anhedona Hypothesis. Behav Brain Sci 5:39-87.

Wise, S. P., E. A. Murray and C. R. Gerfen. 1996. The frontal cortex-basal ganglia system in primates. Crit Rev Neurobiol 10:317-56.

Witter, M. P., H. J. Groenewegen, F. H. Lopes da Silva and A. H. Lohman. 1989. Functional organization of the extrinsic and intrinsic circuitry of the parahippocampal
region. Prog Neurobiol 33:161-253.

Wong, R. O., M. Meister and C. J. Shatz. 1993. Transient period of correlated bursting activity during development of the mammalian retina. Neuron 11:923-38.

Woods, S. W., K. Koster, J. K. Krystal, E. O. Smith, I. G. Zubal, P. B. Hoffer and D. S. Charney. 1988. Yohimbine alters regional cerebral blood flow in panic disorder.
Lancet 2:678.

Woodson, W., C. R. Farb and J. E. Ledoux. 2000. Afferents from the auditory thalamus synapse on inhibitory interneurons in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. Synapse
38:124-37.

Woodworth, R. S. 1918. Dynamic Psychology. New York: Columbia University Press.

Woolf, V. 1928. Orlando. Barcelona: EDHASA.

Woolf, V. 1979. Letter, 28 Dec. 1932. In The Sickle Side of the Moon: Letters, edited by N. Nicolson.

Woolf, V. S. 1925. The Common Reader. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.

Wurtzel, E. 1999. Prozac Nation: Young and Depresed in America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Xing, J. and R. A. Andersen. 2000. Models of the posterior parietal cortex which perform multimodal integration and represent space in several coordinate frames. J Cogn
Neurosci 12:601-14.

Yamada, K., X. Ren and T. Nabeshima. 1999. Perspectives of pharmacotherapy in Alzheimer's disease. Jpn J Pharmacol 80:9-14.

Yamamoto, T., T. Shimura, N. Sako, Y. Yasoshima and N. Sakai. 1994. Neural substrates for conditioned taste aversion in the rat. Behav Brain Res 65:123-37.

Yang, C. R. and J. K. Seamans. 1996. Dopamine D1 receptor actions in layers V-VI rat prefrontal cortex neurons in vitro: modulation of dendritic-somatic signal
integration. J Neurosci 16:1922-35.

Yehuda, R., L. M. Bierer, J. Schmeidler, D. H. Aferiat, I. Breslau and S. Dolan. 2000. Low cortisol and risk for PTSD in adult offspring of holocaust survivors. Am J
Psychiatry 157:1252-9.

Yin, J. C. and T. Tully 1996. CREB and the formation of long-term memory. Curr Opin Neurobiol 6: 264-8.

Young, A. W., D. J. Hellawell, C. Van De Wal and M. Johnson. 1996. Facial expression processing after amygdalotomy. Neuropsychologia 34:31-9.

Young, E. A., R. F. Haskett, L. Grunhaus, A. Pande, M. Weinberg, S. J. Watson and H. Akil. 1994. Increased evening activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
in depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:701-7.

Young, M. P. and S. Yamane. 1992. Sparse population coding of faces in the inferotemporal cortex. Science 256:1327-31.

Young, P. T. 1961. Motivation and Emotion. New York: Wiley.

Zajonc, R. B. 1968. Cognitive theories in social psychology. In Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by G. Lindzey and E. Aronson. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.

Zajonc, R. B. 1980. Feeling and thinking: preferences need no inferences. Am Psychol 35:151-75.

Zajonc, R. B. 1984. On the primacy of affect. Am Psychol 39:117-23.

Zeki, S. 1993. The visual association cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 3:155-9.

Zeki, S. and A. Bartels. 1999. Toward a theory of visual consciousness. Conscious Cogn 8:225-59.

Zigmond, M. J., F. E. Bloom, S. C. Landis, J. L. Roberts and L. R. Squire. 1999. Fundamental Neuroscience. San Diego: Academic Press.

Zohary, E., M. N. Shadlen and W. T. Newsome. 1994. Correlated neuronal discharge rate and its implications for psychophysical performance. Nature 370:140-3.

Zola-Morgan, S. and L. R. Squire. 1993. Neuroanatomy of memory. Annu Rev Neurosci 16:547-63.

Zuckerman, M. 1991. Psychobiology of Personality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

   

Send questions and comments about this website to:Webmaster