Blind denoising diffusion models and adaptive sampling algorithms

Zahra Kadkhodaie*, Aram-Alexandre Pooladian*, Sinho Chewi and Eero P Simoncelli

Published in ICML 2026 Workshop on Foundations of Deep Generative Models (FoGen): Understanding Memorization, Generalization, and Reasoning, Jul 2026.
We analyze, theoretically and empirically, the performance of generative diffusion models based on blind denoisers, in which the denoiser is not given the noise amplitude in either the training or sampling processes. Assuming that the data distribution has low intrinsic dimensionality, we prove that blind denoising diffusion models (BDDMs), despite not having access to the noise amplitude, automatically track a particular implicit noise schedule along the reverse process. Our analysis shows that BDDMs can accurately sample from the data distribution in polynomially many steps as a function of the intrinsic dimension. Empirical results corroborate these mathematical findings on both synthetic and image data, demonstrating that the noise variance is accurately estimated from the noisy image. Remarkably, we observe that schedule-free BDDMs produce samples of higher quality compared to their non-blind counterparts. We provide evidence that this performance gain arises because BDDMs correct the mismatch between the true residual noise (of the image) and the noise assumed by the schedule used in non-blind diffusion models.
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