Special Topics: Brain Imaging (G80.3202.001)
Instructor: Nava Rubin, Meyer 1060
(Lab:
Meyer 954);
Phones: 998-3934 (lab: 998-3908).
Email: nava@cns.nyu.edu
Overview
The course will cover recent
advances in
human brain imaging, concentrating on functional MRI
but also covering some PET papers and
a
discussion of other methods (EEG, MEG, Optical imaging,
and combination of fMRI
and other techniques).
The first 1-2 meetings will be
devoted to the
basic physical principles of fMRI, and in
the rest of
the
course we will read a select set of
brain
imaging papers. We will emphasize:
1- critical review of the
experimental design:
are the conclusions really supported by the data?
What could be
improved?
2- can
brain imaging
teach us about brain processing, or can it be used only to do
"functional neuroanatomy"?
List of material to be covered,
sorted by
topic and by chronological order
(full citations are given at the end.)
Terminology:
"Primary
readings" will be the focus of the presentation in class. Students are
strongly
encouraged to read them before
coming to
class, so that we can have in-depth discussions.
"Background
readings" is material that can help you understand the class better
(inc.
reviews and 'lite'
versions of the material published elsewhere). In case the background
readings contain material not covered
in the
primary readings, it may be touched-upon
in class, but it will not be the
focus of it.
"Further
readings" are advanced materials that will not be touched upon in class
(but can,
for example, be used for the final
project), OR
articles that present similar/overlapping
material to that presented in class
(e.g., by
other groups).
Topic 1: Overview of imaging methods; fMRI methods
Primary reading:
Cohen and Bookheimer
(1994): Localization of brain function using magnetic resonance imaging.
Background reading:
Sanders (1995): Magnetic Resonance
Imaging.
Further reading:
Kwong et al.
(1992): Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity
during
primary sensory stimulation. [PNAS pdf]
Ogawa et al. (1992): Intrinsic
signal
changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with
magnetic resonance imaging. [PNAS pdf]
Sanders and Orrison
(1995): Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Topic 2: Mapping the retinotopic organization of early visual cortex using fMRI
Primary reading:
Engel et al. (1994): fMRI
of human visual cortex.
Sereno et al.
(1995): Borders of multiple visual areas in humans revealed by
functional
magnetic resonance imaging. [Science pdf]
[Fig.1]
[Fig.2]
[Fig.3]
[Fig.4]
Background reading:
Horton and Hoyt (1991): The
representation of
the visual field in human striate cortex. A
revision of the
classic Holmes map.
Horton and Hoyt (1991): Quadrantic visual
field
defects. A hallmark of lesions in extrastriate
(V2/V3) cortex.
Tootell et al.
(1996): New images from human visual cortex. [Trends Neurosci
pdf]
Engel (1996): Looking into the black
box: new
directions in neuroimaging. [Neuron pdf]
Further reading:
Tootell et al.
(1998): Functional analysis of primary visual cortex (V1) in humans.
[PNAS pdf]
Engel et al. (1997): Retinotopic
organization in human visual cortex and the spatial precision of
functional
MRI. [Cereb Cortex
pdf]
DeYoe et al.
(1996): Mapping striate and extrastriate
visual areas
in human cerebral cortex. [PNAS pdf]
Topic 3: Segmentation, surface/shape recovery and illusory contours
Primary reading:
Hirsch et al. (1995): Illusory
contours activate
specific regions in human visual cortex: evidence from functional
magnetic
resonance imaging. [PNAS pdf (b/w
figs)]
[link
to color figs]
Mendola et al.
(1999): The representation of illusory and real contours in human
cortical
visual areas revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. [J Neurosci pdf]
Ffytche and Zeki
(1996): Brain
activity related to the perception of illusory contours. [Neuroimage pdf]
Gulyas et al.
(1998): Visual form discrimination from texture cues: a PET study.
[HBM
pdf]
Background reading:
Lee et al. (1998): The role of
the
primary visual cortex in higher level vision. [Vision Res pdf]
Further reading:
Lamme, van Dijk
and Spekreijse (1993): Contour from motion
processing occurs in
primary visual cortex.
Gulyas et al.
(1994): Visual form discrimination from color or motion cues:
functional
anatomy by positron emission tomography. [PNAS pdf]
Topics 4-5: Object recognition (two classes): localization versus distributed nets, innateness versus experience-dependent localization
Primary reading:
Malach et al. (1995):
Object-related activity revealed by functional magnetic resonance
imaging in
human occipital cortex. [PNAS pdf]
Grill-Spector
et
al. (1998): A sequence of object-processing stages revealed by fMRI in the human occipital lobe. [HBM
pdf]
Allison et al. (1994): Human extrastriate visual cortex and the perception of
faces,
words, numbers, and colors.
Puce et al. (1995):
Face-sensitive
regions in human extrastriate cortex
studied by
functional MRI.
Polk and Farah
(1998): The neural development and organization of letter recognition:
evidence
from functional neuroimaging,
computational modeling,
and behavioral studies. [PNAS pdf]
Ishai et al.
(1999): Distributed representation of objects in the human ventral
visual
pathway. [PNAS pdf]
**Gauthier et al. (2000): Expertise for cars and birds recruits
brain
areas involved in face recognition
[Nature Neurosci
pdf]
**Note: change in assigned paper (Gauthier et al 1999 moved to
"further")
Background reading:
Polk and Farah (1995): Brain localization
for
arbitrary stimulus categories: a simple account based on Hebbian
learning. [PNAS pdf]
Kanwisher et al. (1996): Functional
imaging of
human visual recognition. [CBR pdf]
Further reading:
Halgren et al. (1999): Location of
human
face-selective cortex with respect to retinotopic
areas. [HBM pdf]
Haxby et al. (1996): Face encoding
and
recognition in the human brain. [PNAS pdf]
Kanwisher, McDermott and Chun (1997): The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate
cortex specialized for face perception. [JNeuro pdf]
Kanwisher, Tong and Nakayama (1998): The
effect of
face inversion on the human fusiform face
area. [Cognition pdf]
Haxby et al. (1999): The effect
of face inversion on activity in human neural systems for face
and
object perception. [Neuron pdf]
Kanwisher, Stanley and Harris (1999): The fusiform face area is selective for faces not
animals. [
Neuroreport pdf]
Gauthier et al. (1999): Activation of the middle fusiform
'face area' increases with expertise in recognizing novel objects. [Nat Neurosci
pdf]
(optional depending on time: Topic 5a, perceptual
rivalry;
5b, attention)
Topic 6: Methodological issues I: temporal and
spatial
resolution, event-related methods, and fMRI-adaptation
Primary reading:
Dale and Buckner (1997): Selective averaging of rapidly presented
individual
trials using fMRI [HBM
pdf]
Burock et al. (1998): Randomized
event-related experimental
designs allow for extremely rapid presentation rates using functional
MRI. [pdf]
Dale (1999): Optimal experimental design for event-related fMRI.
[HBM
pdf]
Menon, Luknowsky
and Gati (1998): Mental chronometry using
latency-resolved
functional MRI. [PNAS pdf]
Background reading:
Ward (2002): Deconvolution
Analysis of FMRI Time Series Data. [AFNI
pdf]
Rosen, Buckner and Dale (1998):
Event-related functional MRI: past, present,
and future. [PNAS pdf]
Further reading:
Buckner et al. (1996): Detection of cortical activation during
averaged
single trials of a cognitive task using functional magnetic resonance
imaging. [PNAS pdf]
Buckner (1998): Event-related fMRI and the
hemodynamic response. [HBM pdf]
Friston et al. (1998): Nonlinear
event-related
responses in fMRI.
**Duong et al. (2000): Spatiotemporal dynamics of the BOLD fMRI signals: toward mapping submillimeter
cortical columns using the early negative response. [MRM pdf]
fMRI-adaptation:
Buckner RL, Goodman J, Burock M, Rotte M, Koutstaal
W, Schacter D, Rosen B, Dale AM. (1998): Functional-anatomic correlates
of object priming in humans revealed by rapid presentation
event-related fMRI. [Neuron
pdf]
Grill-Spector,
K., & Malach, R. (2001): fMR-adaptation: a tool for studying the
functional
properties of human cortical neurons. [Acta
Psy pdf]
Kourtzi,
Z., & Kanwisher, N. (2001): Representation of perceived object
shape by the
human lateral occipital complex. [Science
pdf]
Topic 7: Cortical plasticity: perceptual and skill learning
Primary reading:
Karni et al. (1995): Functional MRI
evidence
for adult motor cortex plasticity during motor skill learning.
[Fig.3]
Elbert et al. (1995): Increased cortical representation of the
fingers
of the left hand in string players. [Fig.1]
[Science pdf]
Knecht et al. (1995): Cortical
reorganization
in human amputees and mislocalization of
painful
stimuli to the phantom limb. [Neurosci Lett pdf]
Lee et al. (2001): Cross-modal plasticity and cochlear
implants. [Nature pdf]
Finney, Fine & Dobkins (2001): Visual
stimuli
activate auditory cortex in the deaf. [Nat Neurosci
pdf]
Bavelier & Neville
(2002): Cross-modal
plasticity: where and how?
[Nat Rev Neurosci
pdf]
Background reading:
N/A
Further reading:
Karni et al. (1998): The acquisition
of
skilled motor performance: fast and slow experience-driven changes in
primary
motor cortex. [PNAS pdf] [Fig.3]
Haier et al. (1992): Regional
glucose
metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor
task: a positron emission tomographic
study.
Sterr et al. (1998): Changed
perceptions in
Braille readers. [Nature pdf]
Topic 8-9: Memory (two classes): encoding versus retrieval; predicting encoding efficiency; implicit versus explicit.
Primary reading:
Cohen et al. (1997): Temporal dynamics of brain activation
during a
working memory task.
Nystrom et al. (2000): Working memory for letters,
shapes, and
locations: fMRI evidence against
stimulus-based
regional organization in human prefrontal cortex. [Neuroimage pdf]
Raye et
al. (2002). Neuroimaging a
single thought:
Dorolateral PFC activity associated with
refreshing
just-activated information. [NeuroImage pdf]
Courtney et al. (1997): Transient and sustained activity in a
distributed neural system for human working memory.
Wagner et al. (1998): Building
memories:
remembering and forgetting of verbal experiences as predicted by brain
activity. [Science pdf]
Schacter et al. (1996): Neuroanatomical
Correlates of Veridical and Illusory Recognition Memory: Evidence from
Positron
Emission Tomography. [Neuron pdf]
Schacter et al. (1997): Late onset
of anterior
prefrontal activity during true and false recognition: an event-related
fMRI study. [NeuroImage pdf]
Background reading:
Ungerleider (1995): Functional brain
imaging studies
of cortical mechanisms for memory. [Science pdf]
Schacter and Buckner (1998): On the
relations among
priming, conscious recollection, and intentional retrieval: evidence
from neuroimaging research. [NLM pdf]
Schacter and Buckner (1998): Priming and
the brain. [Neuron pdf]
Buckner and Koutstaal (1998): Functional neuroimaging studies of encoding, priming, and
explicit
memory retrieval. [PNAS pdf]
Further reading:
Brewer et al. (1998): Making memories: brain activity that
predicts how
well visual experience will be remembered. [Science pdf]
Buckner et al. (1998): Functional-anatomic study of episodic
retrieval
using fMRI. I. Retrieval
effort
versus retrieval success.
[NeuroImage
pdf]
Buckner et al. (1998):
Functional-anatomic study
of episodic retrieval. II. Selective averaging of event-related fMRI trials to test the retrieval success
hypothesis. [NeuroImage pdf]
Buckner, Kelley and Petersen (1999):
Frontal
cortex contributes to human memory formation. [Nat Neurosci
pdf]
Cabeza et al.
(2001): Can
medial temporal lobe regions distinguish true from false? An
event-related functional MRI study of veridical and illusory
recognition
memory. [PNAS pdf]
Topic 10: Language: hemispheric specialization; the neural representation of second-language.
Primary reading:
Shaywitz et al. (1995): Sex
differences in the
functional organization of the brain for language [see comments].
Frost et al. (1999): Language processing is strongly left
lateralized in
both sexes. Evidence from functional MRI. [Brain pdf]
Kim et al. (1997): Distinct cortical areas associated with
native and
second languages. [Nature pdf]
Rodriguez-Fornells et al.
(2002):
Brain potential and functional MRI evidence for how to handle two
languages
with one brain. [Nature pdf]
Background reading:
N/A
Further reading:
Bavelier et al. (1998): Hemispheric
specialization for English and ASL: left invariance-right variability. [Neuroreport pdf]
Kulynych et al. (1994): Gender
differences in
the normal lateralization of the supratemporal
cortex: MRI surface-rendering morphometry
of Heschl's gyrus
and the planum temporale.
Topic 11: Methodological issues II: data analysis.
Primary reading:
Bandettini et al. (1992): Time
course EPI of
human brain function during task activation.
Bandettini et al. (1993): Processing
strategies for time-course data sets in functional MRI of the human
brain.
Ojemann et al. (1998): Functional
MRI studies
of word-stem completion: reliability across laboratories and comparison
to
blood flow imaging with PET. [HBM pdf]
Background reading:
Turner et al. (1998): Functional magnetic resonance imaging of
the human
brain: data acquisition and analysis. [Exp Brain Res
pdf]
Further reading:
Friston et al. (1995): Analysis of fMRI time-series revisited [see comments]. [NeuroImage pdf]
Topic 12: Methodological issues III: brain imaging in behaving animals: en-route to combination with electrophysiology?
Primary reading:
Logothetis et al. (1999): Functional
imaging
of the monkey brain. [Nat Neurosci
pdf]
Stefanacci et al. (1998): fMRI
of monkey visual cortex. [Neuron pdf]
Background reading:
N/A
Further reading:
N/A
Topic 13: Emotion
Cahill et al. (1996): Amygdala
activity
at encoding correlated with long-term, free recall of emotional
information. [PNAS pdf]
Whalen et al. (1998): Masked presentations of emotional facial
expressions modulate amygdala activity
without
explicit knowledge. [JNeurosci pdf]
Phan et al. (2002): Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of
emotion
activation studies in PET and fMRI. [Neuroimage pdf]
Phelps et al. (2001): Activation of the left amygdala
to a cognitive representation of fear. [Nature pdf]
Morris et al. (1998): Conscious and unconscious emotional
learning in
the human amygdala. [Nature pdf]
Topic 14: Attention
Hopfinger et al. (2000): The
neural
mechanisms of top-down attentional
control. [Nature Neuro
pdf]
Kastner et al. (1998):
Mechanisms
of directed attention in the human extrastriate
cortex as revealed by functional MRI. [Science pdf]
Kanwisher & Wojciulik
(2000): Visual attention: Insights from brain imaging. [NRN pdf]
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![[Fig.1]](http://www.cns.nyu.edu/%7Enava/courses/brain_imaging/Sereno_fig1.jpg){kind=link}
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