FACULTY

TEXT BOOK

Squire LR, Roberts JL, Spitzer NC, Zigmond MJ, and McConnell SK (2002). Fundamental Neuroscience. San Diego: Academic Press.

OTHER READINGS

Most of the readings are available online by following the links provided below. Others are available in the filing cabinet in Room 808 (under the long table). Please make copies and return the originals to the appropriate file folder for future generations.

Some of the readings are labelled (above) as being "secondary readings". By this, I mean that you should skim through each of these papers to see what's there, read the abstract & intro, look at the figures and figure captions. This is the same as what you should do when exploring the literature in your area of research. Then, based on your interests and what you feel you need to know, you can pick and choose which of these "secondar readings" to read in more detail. For some topics, there are quite a few papers assigned. Unfortunately, there is no single review paper that covers all of the relevant material. But at the same time, we do not expect you to read every word of it. Because of the overwhelming amount of scientific literature in every subarea of neuroscience, you need to develop a skill for rapidly scanning the literature to get the basics, and then be able to go back as needed to get the details.

Shapley Readings

Burns ME & Baylor DA (2001). Activation, deactivation, and adaptation in vertebrate photoreceptor cells. Annual Review of Neuroscience 24:779-805.

DeValois R & DeValois K (1988). Spatial Vision, Oxford, Ch 4.

Enroth-Cugell C (1993). The world of retinal ganglion cells. In Contrast sensitivity, Shapley RM & Lam DM-K (eds), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Ch 9.

Fesenko EE, Kolesnikov SS, Lyubarsky AL (1985). Induction by cyclic GMP of cationic conductance in plasma membrane of retinal outer segment. Nature 313:310-313.

Gegenfurtner KR & Kiper DC (2003). Color vision. Annual Rev Neurosci 26:181-206.

Lennie P (1998). Single units and visual cortical organization. Perception 27:889-935.

Ohki K, Chung S, Kara P, Huebener M, Bonhoeffer T, & Reid RC (2006). Highly order arrangement of single neurons in orientation pinwheels. Nature 442:925-.

Shapley R & Hawken M (2002). Neural mechanisms for color perception in the primary visual cortex Current Opinion in Neurobiology 12:426-432.

Shapley R, Hawken M, Ringach DL (2003). Dynamics of Orientation Selectivity in Macaque V1 cortex, and the importance of Cortical Inhibition. Neuron 38:689-699

Shapley RM & Perry VH (1986). Cat and monkey retinal ganglion cells and their visual functional roles. TINS 9:

Sompolinsky H & Shapley RM (1997). New perspectives on the mechanisms for orientation selectivity. Current opinion in neurobiology 7:514-522.

Wu SM & Maple BR (1998). Amino acid neurotransmitters in the retina: a functional overview. Vision Research 38:1371-1384.

Yau K-W (1994). Phototransduction mechanism in retinal rods and cones. Invest. Ophth Vis Sci 35:9-32.

Heeger Readings

Movshon Readings

Vision

Albright TD (1993). Cortical processing of visual motion. In Visual Motion and Its Role in the Stabilization of Gaze, Miles FA & Wallman J (eds), New York: Elsevier, pp 177-201.

Logothetis NK & Sheinberg DL (1996). Visual object recognition. Ann Rev Neurosci 19:577-621.

Gold JI & Shadlen MN (2007). The neural basis of decision making, Ann Rev Neurosci 30:535-574.

Brincat & Connor (2004). Underlying principles of visual shape selectivity in posterior inferotemporal cortex. Nat Neurosci 7:880-886.

Kanwisher & Yovel (2006). The fusiform face area: a cortical region specialized for the perception of faces. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361:2109-2128.

Logothetis N (1998). Single units and conscious vision. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 353:1801-1818.

Pasupathy A & Connor CE (2001). Shape representation in area V4: position-specific tuning for boundary conformation. J Neurophysiol 86:2505-2519.

Pasupathy A & Connor CE (2002). Popluation coding of shape in area V4. Nat Neurosci 5:1332-1338.

Tamura H & Tanaka K (2001). Visual response properties of cells in the ventral and dorsal parts of the macaque inferotemporal cortex. Cereb Cortex 11:384-399.

Tsao et al. (2006). A cortical region consisting entirely of face-selective cells. Science 311:670-674.

Britten et al. (1996). A relationship between behavioral choice and the visual responses of neurons in macaque MT. Vis Neurosci 13:87-100.

Gold JI & Shadlen MN (2000). Representation of a perceptual decision in developing oculomotor commands. Nature 404:390-394.

Gold JI & Shadlen MN (2001). Neural computations that underlie decisions about sensory stimuli. Trends in Cog Sci 5:10-16.

Shadlen et al. (1996). A computational analysis of the relationship between neuronal and behavioral responses to visual motion. J Neurosci 16:1486-1510.

Shadlen MN & Newsome WT (2001). Neural basis of a perceptual decision in the parietal cortex (area LIP) of the Rhesus monkey. J Neurophysiol 86:1916-1936.

Chemical Senses

Bozza TC & Mombaerts P (2001). Olfactory coding: revealing intrinsic representations of odors. Curr Biol 11:R687-90.

Kinnamon SC & Margolskee RF (1996). Mechanisms of taste transduction. Curr Opin Neurobiol 6:506-13.

Mombaerts P (2001). How smell develops. Nature Neuroscience supplement, 4 suppl:1192-8.

Mori K, Nagao H, Yoshihara Y (1999). The olfactory Bulb: coding and processing of odor molecule information. Science 286:711-715.

Buck LB (2000). The molecular architecture of odor and pheromone sensing in mammals. Cell 100:611–618

Axel R (2005). Scents and sensibility: A molecular logic of olfactory perception (Nobel Lecture). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44:6110-6127

Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Nicholas J. P. Ryba NJP, Zuker CS (2006). The receptors and cells for mammalian taste. Nature 444:288-294

Bargmann CI (2006). Comparative chemosensation from receptors to ecology. Nature 444:295-301

Shepherd GM (2006). Smell images and the flavour system in the human brain. Nature 444:316-321

Simoncelli Readings

Barlow (1961). Possible principles underlying the transformation of sensory messages. in Sensory Communication (WA Rossenblith, ed), MIT Press.

Olshausen BA & Field DJ (1996). Emergence of simple-cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images. Nature 381:607-609.

Adelson EH & Movshon JA (1982). Phenomenal coherence of moving visual patterns. Nature, 300:523-525.

Weiss Y, Simoncelli EP, Adelson EH (2002). Motion illusions as optimal percepts. Nature Neuroscience, 5:598-2002

Kiorpes Readings

Kiorpes L & Movshon JA (1990). Behavioral analysis of visual development. In The Development of Sensory Systems in Mammals, Coleman JR (ed.), New York: Wiley.

Kiorpes L & Movshon JA (2003) Neural limitations on visual development in primates. In The Visual Neurosciences, Chalupa & Werner (eds), Ch 12.

Rubin Readings

Vision

Adelson E (2000). In The New Cognitive Neurosciences, Gazzaniga M (ed), Cambridge MA: MIT Press, Ch 24.

Graham & Nachmias (1971). Detection of grating patterns containing two spatial frequencies: a comparison of single-channel and multiple-channel models. Vision Research 11:251-259.

Nakayama et al. (1995). Visual surface representation: a critical link between lower-level and higher level vision. In Visual CognitionI, Kosslyn SW & Osherson N (eds), pp. 1-70.

Neural Networks

Hopfield JJ (1982). Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 17:2554-2558.

Hawken Readings

Somatosensory System

Reviews:

Gillespie PG & Walker RG (2001). Molecular basis of mechanosensory transduction. Nature 413:194-202.

Kung C (2005). A possible unifying principle for mechanosensation. Nature 436:647-654.

Johnson KO & Hsiao SS (1992). Neural mechanisms of tactile form and texture mechanisms. Annual Review of Neuroscience 15:227-250.

Vallbo AB (1995). Single-afferent neurons and somatic sensation in humans. In The Cognitve Neurosciences, Gazzaniga MS (ed), Cambridge: MIT press, pp 237-252.

Johnson KO, Hsiao SS & Twombly IA (1995). Neural mechanisms of tactile form recognition. In The Cognitve Neurosciences, Gazzaniga MS (ed), Cambridge: MIT press, pp 253-267.

Kass JH (1995). Reorganization of sensory and motot maps in adult animals. In The Cognitve Neurosciences, Gazzaniga MS (ed), Cambridge: MIT press, pp 51-71.

Articles:

DiCarlo JJ, Johnson KO, Hsiao SS (1998). Structure of receptive fields in Area 3b of primary somatosensory cortex in the alert monkey. Journal of Neuroscience 18:2626-2645.

DiCarlo JJ & Johnson KO (2000). Spatial and temporal structure of receptive fields in primate somatosensory area 3b: effects of stimulus scanning direction and orientation. Journal of Neuroscience 20:495-510.

Bruno RM & Simons DJ (2002). Feedforward mechanisms of excitatory and inhibitory cortical receptive fields. Journal of Neuroscience 22:10966-10975.

Pain and Nociception

Review:

Julius D & Basbaum AI (2001). Molecular mechanisms of nociception. Nature 413:203-210.

Articles:

Cox JJ et al. (2006). An SCN9A channelopathy causes congenital inability to experience pain. Nature 444:894-898.

Reference Sources:

Price DD (1999). Psychological mechanisms of pain and analgesia. Progress in Pain Research and Management, vol 15, Seattle: IASP Press.

Wall P & Melzack R (1999). Textbook of Pain (4th edition). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

Semple Readings

Brand A, Behrend A, Marquardt T, McAlpine D, Grothe B (2002). Precise inhibition is essential for microsecond interaural time difference coding. Nature, 417:543-547.

Hofman PM, Van Riswich JG, Van Opstal AJ (1998). Relearning sound localization with new ears. Nat Neurosci, 1:417-421.

Kaas JH & Hackett TA (2000). Subdivisions of auditory cortex and processing streams in primates. PNAS, 97:11793-11799.

Yost, WA (1991). Auditory image perception and analysis: the basis for hearing. Hearing Research, 56:8-18.

Carlyon RP (2004). How the brain separates sounds. Trends Cogn Sci, 8:465-471.

McAlpine D & Grothe B (2003). Sound localization and delay lines - do mammals fit the model? Trends Neurosci, 26:347-350.

Nobili R, Mammano F, Ashmore J (1998). How well do we understand the cochlea? Trends Neurosci, 21:159-167.

Pickles JO (1988). An Introduction to the Physiology of Hearing , 2nd edition. London: Academic.

Read HL, Winer JA, Schreiner CE (2002). Functional architecture of auditory cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 12:433-440.

Semple MN & Scott BH (2003). Cortical mechanisms in hearing. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 13:167-173.

Wightman F & Kistler D (1998). Of vulcan ears, human ears and 'earprints'. Nat Neurosci, 1:337-339.

Glimcher Readings

Carpenter RHS (1991). Eye Movements, Boca Raton: CRC Press, Chs 2-7.

Gallistel CR (1980a). The organization of action, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Gallistel CR (1980b). From muscles to motivation. American Scientist, 68:398-409.

von Holst E & von Saint Paul U (1963). On the functional organization of drives. Animal Behaviour, 11:1-20.

Bernstein N (1935) The problem of the interrelation of co-ordination and localization. Arch Biol Sci 38. Reprinted in Whiting HTA (ed) (1984) Human Motor Actions. Bernstein Reassessed. North-Holland.

Kalaska JF, Cohen DA, Hyde ML, Prud'homme M (1989). A comparison of movement direction vs. load direction ... J Neurosci, 9:2080- 2102.

Mountcastle VB (1980). Medical Physiology, 14th edition, St. Louis: Mosby, Ch 26-28, 30.

Sherrington CS (1906). pp 16-68 in Gallistel (1980a).

Weiss P (1941). pp 210-287 in Gallistel (1980a).

Pesaran Readings

Carpenter RHS (1988) Movements of the Eyes (2nd edition), London: Pion Limited, Chs 2, 4, 5.

Tanji J & Evarts EV (1976). Anticipatory activity of motor cortex neurons in relation to direction of intended movement. J Neurophysiol 39:1062-1068.

Soctt SH (2004) Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control. Nat Rev Neurosci 5:534-546.

Angelaki DE (2004) Eyes on target: What neurons must do for the vestibuloocular reflex during linear motion. J Neurophysiol 92:20-35.

Assignments

For each assignment, write an essay (or essays for assignments with multiple questions), approximately 5 pages per assignment, with references and optionally with figures. Submit your essay by email to (as a MS Word, rtf, or pdf file) to the faculty member who assigned it (e.g., Prof. Shapley for assignment 1) and to Prof. Heeger.

Assignment 1 (Shapley)

How does synaptic inhibition contribute to the spatial selectivity of visual neurons in the retina and primary visual cortex?

c) Even in MT, our best example of functional specialization, there compelling reasons to remain cautious in drawing conclusions about the area's function. Describe some such reasons.